We found 184 results that contain "2023-24"
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NAVIGATING CONTEXT
Min Zhuang, Ph.D
Title: research associateDepartment: Enhanced Digital Learning Initative (EDLI)Bio: Dr. Min Zhuang is a research associate at EDLI with a Ph.D. in Educational Foundations from Saint Louis University. Her research interests center on the intersection of diversity and inclusion in education, and she employs qualitative and quantitative methods in her work. Before joining the EDLI in 2023, she worked at Saint Louis University as an adjunct faculty in Mandarin. She also has experience in teaching graduate and undergraduate foundation courses in research, professional ethics, and multicultural issues.LinkedIn
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Educator Seminars
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Min Zhuang, Ph.D
Title: research associateDepartment: Enhanced Digital Learnin...
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Friday, Jul 21, 2023
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Guidelines for Online Camera Policies
MSU does not currently have a university-wide policy on cameras/videos (e.g. web cameras) for online learning. Much like attendance/participation policies, camera/video policy statements will be determined by individual instructors, departments, and programs. Instructors are responsible for communicating the individual course policy to students.
The following resource is provided to assist you in developing coherent policies on camera use in your course. Please adjust the guidance to fit your particular course context, but remember you must make allowances for certain circumstances that might be tied to connectivity issues or environmental circumstances. It is key that your desire for video-on participation be built on a foundation of inclusion and accessibility, pedagogy and design. The information below is shared as key considerations for developing your course policy. If you have specific questions about writing your course policy, please reach out to the Center for Teaching and Learning Innovation (CTLI).
Benefits and Challenges of Webcams
The use of webcams in live online meetings can add to the educational experience in many ways. Some of these include:
Students working in groups
Showing physical evidence or materials
Proof of attendance
Classes that focus on communication skills, performance, or physical movement
Students may wish to keep their webcams off because:
Their internet speed cannot support the use of streaming video. Bandwidth problems are real for many students regardless of their location
They may have privacy concerns (e.g. roommates, children, or other family members in the background)
Students may wish to keep their webcams off because leaving them on may reveal their exact geographical location or other unique identifying information to the rest of the class
They may have a visually busy environment or otherwise distracting background that could detract from others’ ability to attend to class content
They may have personal or environmental concerns that make sharing their likeness or their personal spaces problematic. Not all computers can replace backgrounds with virtual backdrops that would alleviate these concerns
They may have a disability where the video feed will decrease their success in the course
Students may not have a webcam on their computer. This item has not been a component of the university required laptop/desktop description.
Educators should be aware of the privacy, hardware, software, disability, and equity concerns and only require the use of webcams or video feeds when the educational value of requiring video supersedes those concerns. In such instances, there may still be students whose specific disabilities preclude the use of webcams. The Resource Center for Persons with Disabilities will work to assist students who have gone through the proper accommodation request process and for whom the use of webcams is not possible. Instructors should also keep in mind that the accommodations process can be a time consuming and expensive one; and not all students may be able to engage in it. In addition, disabilities, temporary or otherwise, can manifest at any time. These factors should be considered when you determining the policy for your course.
Best Practices for Developing Video Conference Policies
In general, online learners experience “Zoom fatigue” and extra cognitive loads when it comes to learning (McCabe, et al., 2023 & Fauville, et al, 2021) For reasons of equity and respect for privacy, students generally should not be required to turn on their webcams for the full duration of all online class sessions. The literature around camera-on requirements promoting learning is scarce. Waluyo and Wangdi (2023) found that classroom dynamics, classroom exhaustion and participation, physical appearance and background, unrelated physical activity, distracting behaviors, and technical issues all played a role in student-camera behavior. It is also important to note that there are many ways to - through pedagogical design - effectively build a sense of belonging and classroom engagement. If you’re interested in more on classroom engagement strategies, you can schedule a consultation with a member of the CTLI team or check out CTLI’s upcoming events!
Faculty might have pedagogical reasons to ask students to turn on cameras when teaching online, but educators should consider whether asking students to turn on their webcam is necessary to accomplish a learning objective and should explain to students the educational reason for their request, allowing the student to make their own, informed decision to do so based on their circumstances and without incurring penalties of any kind.
In short, the default recommended practice would be to allow students to keep their webcams off, with certain learning goals and instructional practices making it justifiable for the educator to ask students to turn on their webcams if they are willing and able, after receiving an explanation for the request. The only exception to this choice would be during assessment activities that require* the use of a webcam.
*Any webcam mandates need to be clearly communicated in advance of the first-expected use to allow students adequate time to plan and prepare their environment.
Relevant MSU Documents and Policies
Restrictions on instructors requiring students to turn on their webcams is supported by MSU’s Student Rights and Responsibilities, Article 2.II.B 8 (The student has a right to protection against improper disclosure of his/her education records and personal information such as values, beliefs, organizational affiliations, and health) and Article 2.III.B 10 (The student and the faculty share the responsibility for maintaining professional relationships based on mutual trust and civility).
In light of the Family Educational Records Protections Act (FERPA), MSU’s Office of General Council recently put together this guide addressing how to properly deal with files of recorded synchronous sessions containing video feed. References & Further Readings
McCabe, J. A., Banasik, C. S., Jackson, M. G., Postlethwait, E. M., Steitz, A., & Wenzel, A. R. (2023). Exploring perceptions of cognitive load and mental fatigue in pandemic-era zoom classes. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/stl0000347
Fauville, Geraldine and Luo, Mufan and Queiroz, Anna C. M. and Bailenson, Jeremy N. and Hancock, Jeff, Nonverbal Mechanisms Predict Zoom Fatigue and Explain Why Women Experience Higher Levels than Men (April 5, 2021). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3820035 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3820035
Waluyo, Budi & Wangdi, Thinley. (2023). Reasons and Impacts of Camera On and Off during Synchronous Online English Teaching and Learning: Insights from Thai EFL Context. CALL-EJ. 24. 179-198. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367384842_Reasons_and_Impacts_of_Camera_On_and_Off_during_Synchronous_Online_English_Teaching_and_Learning_Insights_from_Thai_EFL_Context
https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse481p/23sp/readings/W6S2/four-causes-zoom-fatigue-solutions-VigneshRamachandran.pdf
Photo by Chris Montgomery on Unsplash
The following resource is provided to assist you in developing coherent policies on camera use in your course. Please adjust the guidance to fit your particular course context, but remember you must make allowances for certain circumstances that might be tied to connectivity issues or environmental circumstances. It is key that your desire for video-on participation be built on a foundation of inclusion and accessibility, pedagogy and design. The information below is shared as key considerations for developing your course policy. If you have specific questions about writing your course policy, please reach out to the Center for Teaching and Learning Innovation (CTLI).
Benefits and Challenges of Webcams
The use of webcams in live online meetings can add to the educational experience in many ways. Some of these include:
Students working in groups
Showing physical evidence or materials
Proof of attendance
Classes that focus on communication skills, performance, or physical movement
Students may wish to keep their webcams off because:
Their internet speed cannot support the use of streaming video. Bandwidth problems are real for many students regardless of their location
They may have privacy concerns (e.g. roommates, children, or other family members in the background)
Students may wish to keep their webcams off because leaving them on may reveal their exact geographical location or other unique identifying information to the rest of the class
They may have a visually busy environment or otherwise distracting background that could detract from others’ ability to attend to class content
They may have personal or environmental concerns that make sharing their likeness or their personal spaces problematic. Not all computers can replace backgrounds with virtual backdrops that would alleviate these concerns
They may have a disability where the video feed will decrease their success in the course
Students may not have a webcam on their computer. This item has not been a component of the university required laptop/desktop description.
Educators should be aware of the privacy, hardware, software, disability, and equity concerns and only require the use of webcams or video feeds when the educational value of requiring video supersedes those concerns. In such instances, there may still be students whose specific disabilities preclude the use of webcams. The Resource Center for Persons with Disabilities will work to assist students who have gone through the proper accommodation request process and for whom the use of webcams is not possible. Instructors should also keep in mind that the accommodations process can be a time consuming and expensive one; and not all students may be able to engage in it. In addition, disabilities, temporary or otherwise, can manifest at any time. These factors should be considered when you determining the policy for your course.
Best Practices for Developing Video Conference Policies
In general, online learners experience “Zoom fatigue” and extra cognitive loads when it comes to learning (McCabe, et al., 2023 & Fauville, et al, 2021) For reasons of equity and respect for privacy, students generally should not be required to turn on their webcams for the full duration of all online class sessions. The literature around camera-on requirements promoting learning is scarce. Waluyo and Wangdi (2023) found that classroom dynamics, classroom exhaustion and participation, physical appearance and background, unrelated physical activity, distracting behaviors, and technical issues all played a role in student-camera behavior. It is also important to note that there are many ways to - through pedagogical design - effectively build a sense of belonging and classroom engagement. If you’re interested in more on classroom engagement strategies, you can schedule a consultation with a member of the CTLI team or check out CTLI’s upcoming events!
Faculty might have pedagogical reasons to ask students to turn on cameras when teaching online, but educators should consider whether asking students to turn on their webcam is necessary to accomplish a learning objective and should explain to students the educational reason for their request, allowing the student to make their own, informed decision to do so based on their circumstances and without incurring penalties of any kind.
In short, the default recommended practice would be to allow students to keep their webcams off, with certain learning goals and instructional practices making it justifiable for the educator to ask students to turn on their webcams if they are willing and able, after receiving an explanation for the request. The only exception to this choice would be during assessment activities that require* the use of a webcam.
*Any webcam mandates need to be clearly communicated in advance of the first-expected use to allow students adequate time to plan and prepare their environment.
Relevant MSU Documents and Policies
Restrictions on instructors requiring students to turn on their webcams is supported by MSU’s Student Rights and Responsibilities, Article 2.II.B 8 (The student has a right to protection against improper disclosure of his/her education records and personal information such as values, beliefs, organizational affiliations, and health) and Article 2.III.B 10 (The student and the faculty share the responsibility for maintaining professional relationships based on mutual trust and civility).
In light of the Family Educational Records Protections Act (FERPA), MSU’s Office of General Council recently put together this guide addressing how to properly deal with files of recorded synchronous sessions containing video feed. References & Further Readings
McCabe, J. A., Banasik, C. S., Jackson, M. G., Postlethwait, E. M., Steitz, A., & Wenzel, A. R. (2023). Exploring perceptions of cognitive load and mental fatigue in pandemic-era zoom classes. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/stl0000347
Fauville, Geraldine and Luo, Mufan and Queiroz, Anna C. M. and Bailenson, Jeremy N. and Hancock, Jeff, Nonverbal Mechanisms Predict Zoom Fatigue and Explain Why Women Experience Higher Levels than Men (April 5, 2021). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3820035 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3820035
Waluyo, Budi & Wangdi, Thinley. (2023). Reasons and Impacts of Camera On and Off during Synchronous Online English Teaching and Learning: Insights from Thai EFL Context. CALL-EJ. 24. 179-198. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367384842_Reasons_and_Impacts_of_Camera_On_and_Off_during_Synchronous_Online_English_Teaching_and_Learning_Insights_from_Thai_EFL_Context
https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse481p/23sp/readings/W6S2/four-causes-zoom-fatigue-solutions-VigneshRamachandran.pdf
Photo by Chris Montgomery on Unsplash
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Makena Neal
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Guidelines for Online Camera Policies
MSU does not currently have a university-wide policy on cameras/vid...
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Wednesday, Aug 9, 2023
Posted on: #iteachmsu
NAVIGATING CONTEXT
Interim Provost Thomas Jeitschko spoke on the importance of educator work.
Interim Provost Thomas Jeitschko congratulated the more than a 140 Thank an Educator Award recipients and spoke on the importance of educator work at the Teaching and Learning Conference on Wednesday with virtual sessions running on Thursday. The conference is organized by the Center for Teaching & Learning Innovation and offers MSU educators the opportunity to gather and share approaches, tools, and techniques that support teaching and learning. This year's conference is focusing on community, conversation, and classroom experience. Interim Associate Provost Prabu David and Interim Provost Jeitschko share a smile and a fist bump in front of the #iteachMSU backdrop.Thank an Educator
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Erica Venton
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Interim Provost Thomas Jeitschko spoke on the importance of educator work.
Interim Provost Thomas Jeitschko congratulated the more than a 140 ...
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NAVIGATING CONTEXT
Friday, May 19, 2023
Posted on: #iteachmsu
PEDAGOGICAL DESIGN
Educator Book Discussion: “Teaching to Transgress”
This discussion of Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom by bell hooks (published by Routledge in 1994) was held on April 16, 2024. Should you wish to read and reflect on your own (or in the comments) this title is available in print at the MSU Main Library (Call Number: LC196 .H66 1994) or as an eBook (via Taylor & Francis eBooks). This book was a selection of the CTLI Graduate Fellows for the 2023-24 academic year and has been a regular source of pedagogical discussion for our cohort.
If you missed the discussion or want to continue your reflection, in addition to the great reflection questions incorporated in each chapter of the book, here are the prompts we used for our discussion:
In what ways does bell hooks advocate for the integration of personal experiences and emotions into the learning process? How might this approach impact the dynamics of the classroom?
What are your thoughts about the way bell hooks addresses the intersection of race, gender, class, and other identities in the classroom? How can educators facilitate meaningful discussions and collaboration within diverse classroom settings?
What could we take from bell hooks’ approach to teaching and learning to respond to current anti-DEI trends?
Discuss bell hooks' perspective on the relationship between education and social change. How does she argue that education can be a tool for liberation and resistance?
What role does courage play in bell hooks' approach to teaching? How can educators foster courage for themselves and among students and create inclusive learning environments?
Reflect on your own experiences as a student or educator. How might bell hooks' insights and strategies in "Teaching to Transgress" inform your approach to teaching and learning?
Additional resources shared:
Addy, T. M., Dube, D., Mitchell, K. A., SoRelle, M. E., Longmire-Avital, B., & Felten, P. (2021). What inclusive instructors do: Principles and practices for excellence in college teaching. Routledge.
Collins, H. P., & Bilge, S. (2016). Intersectionality. Polity Press.
King, R. (2018). Mindful of Race: Transforming Racism from the Inside Out. Sounds True.
Ideas from the discussion:
There are ways to acknowledge and express humanity through pedagogical design.
Engaged pedagogy that is inclusive of all learners' bodies and knowledge can help move the liberation needle, but only when it is authentic and not performatively.
Engaged pedagogical design weaves inclusivity and care into the fabric of the course through learning outcomes, instructor facilitated inquiry, and the subsequent alignment of materials, assignments, and assessments.
A “culture of care" doesn’t have to be rhetorical; educators can be trained to embody that work / do that work in the classroom. Resources like the Center for Teaching and Learning Innovation can help!
Building opportunities for learners to share their experience and knowledge with the classroom community is essential.
“It is important to think critically about who counts as knowers and what counts as knowledge.” How might educators frame or norm what is considered “knowledge” in the classroom?
When we think about engaged pedagogy and the commitments (and labor!) of doing this work, we call upon courage. How can educators courageously build a community that promotes solidarity and facilitates the dismantling of unsafe spaces in higher education?
“The academy is not paradise. But learning is a place where paradise can be created. The classroom, with all its limitations, remains a location of possibility. In that field of possibility we have the opportunity to labor for freedom, to demand of ourselves and our comrades, an openness of mind and heart that allows us to face reality even as we collectively imagine ways to move beyond boundaries, to transgress. This is education as the practice of freedom” (hooks, 1994, p.207).
If you’d like to nominate a title for a future CTLI book discussion and/or volunteer to co-facilitate a discussion, please reach out to Makena Neal at mneal@msu.edu
Cover photo by Kari Shea on Unsplash
If you missed the discussion or want to continue your reflection, in addition to the great reflection questions incorporated in each chapter of the book, here are the prompts we used for our discussion:
In what ways does bell hooks advocate for the integration of personal experiences and emotions into the learning process? How might this approach impact the dynamics of the classroom?
What are your thoughts about the way bell hooks addresses the intersection of race, gender, class, and other identities in the classroom? How can educators facilitate meaningful discussions and collaboration within diverse classroom settings?
What could we take from bell hooks’ approach to teaching and learning to respond to current anti-DEI trends?
Discuss bell hooks' perspective on the relationship between education and social change. How does she argue that education can be a tool for liberation and resistance?
What role does courage play in bell hooks' approach to teaching? How can educators foster courage for themselves and among students and create inclusive learning environments?
Reflect on your own experiences as a student or educator. How might bell hooks' insights and strategies in "Teaching to Transgress" inform your approach to teaching and learning?
Additional resources shared:
Addy, T. M., Dube, D., Mitchell, K. A., SoRelle, M. E., Longmire-Avital, B., & Felten, P. (2021). What inclusive instructors do: Principles and practices for excellence in college teaching. Routledge.
Collins, H. P., & Bilge, S. (2016). Intersectionality. Polity Press.
King, R. (2018). Mindful of Race: Transforming Racism from the Inside Out. Sounds True.
Ideas from the discussion:
There are ways to acknowledge and express humanity through pedagogical design.
Engaged pedagogy that is inclusive of all learners' bodies and knowledge can help move the liberation needle, but only when it is authentic and not performatively.
Engaged pedagogical design weaves inclusivity and care into the fabric of the course through learning outcomes, instructor facilitated inquiry, and the subsequent alignment of materials, assignments, and assessments.
A “culture of care" doesn’t have to be rhetorical; educators can be trained to embody that work / do that work in the classroom. Resources like the Center for Teaching and Learning Innovation can help!
Building opportunities for learners to share their experience and knowledge with the classroom community is essential.
“It is important to think critically about who counts as knowers and what counts as knowledge.” How might educators frame or norm what is considered “knowledge” in the classroom?
When we think about engaged pedagogy and the commitments (and labor!) of doing this work, we call upon courage. How can educators courageously build a community that promotes solidarity and facilitates the dismantling of unsafe spaces in higher education?
“The academy is not paradise. But learning is a place where paradise can be created. The classroom, with all its limitations, remains a location of possibility. In that field of possibility we have the opportunity to labor for freedom, to demand of ourselves and our comrades, an openness of mind and heart that allows us to face reality even as we collectively imagine ways to move beyond boundaries, to transgress. This is education as the practice of freedom” (hooks, 1994, p.207).
If you’d like to nominate a title for a future CTLI book discussion and/or volunteer to co-facilitate a discussion, please reach out to Makena Neal at mneal@msu.edu
Cover photo by Kari Shea on Unsplash
Authored by:
Katherine Knowles & Nicole Macon-McKendree
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Educator Book Discussion: “Teaching to Transgress”
This discussion of Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practic...
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PEDAGOGICAL DESIGN
Tuesday, Apr 30, 2024
Posted on: GenAI & Education
Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education (and Learning)
The following are a collection of publicly sourced articles related to the recent rise of artificial intelligence in everyday applications.
note: following each [hyperlinked] title/subtitle are abstracts generated by ChatGPT after receiving prompts from M. Neal. "Write an abstract for [article link]" is indicated with [URL] abstract. "Write an abstract for [article text]" is indicated with [text] abstract. These very similar prompt-responses are shared consecutively in the hope that reading the abstracts will showcase the variations in ChatGPT output (despite similar input).
Deconstructing ChatGPT on the Future of Continuing Education
The future has arrived in continuing education—however, many have yet to realize the arrival.
[URL] Abstract: "The rise of AI technology and advancements in language models, such as ChatGPT, are poised to change the face of continuing education. The technology offers the potential for personalized and interactive learning experiences, making education more accessible and convenient for students. However, there are concerns about the potential job displacement and ethical implications of relying heavily on AI-powered learning systems. The article explores the potential benefits and drawbacks of ChatGPT and other AI systems in continuing education, and the need for careful consideration of these implications as the technology continues to evolve."
[text] Abstract: The recently released ChatGPT and GPT-3.5 from OpenAI have the potential to revolutionize the field of education. The advancements in AI technology will support heutagogy, which emphasizes student-centered, self-determined learning. AI will serve as a learning assistant, providing personalized and adaptive paths for learners. The technology promises universal access to education and a brighter future for lifelong learning. OpenAI has also taken steps to protect the system from providing harmful content, using a combination of a special prompt and Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF). Early user responses have been positive, with some stating that ChatGPT could potentially replace human-written essays.
ChatGPT and the rise of AI writers: how should higher education respond?
The proliferation of AI text generators such as ChatGPT has major implications for higher education. Nancy Gleason explores how educators should respond to these tools which can write essays in seconds
[URL] Abstract: "The rise of AI language models like ChatGPT is having a significant impact on writing and journalism, and higher education must respond. As AI technology continues to improve and become more prevalent, it is likely to impact the skills and knowledge required of future writers and journalists. Higher education institutions must consider how to adapt and prepare students for a future where AI-generated writing is increasingly common. The article argues that higher education institutions must play a role in preparing students for the ethical and practical implications of working with AI systems and in shaping the future of writing and journalism in an age of AI."
[text] Abstract: The article discusses the latest developments in deep machine learning, specifically the highly sophisticated AI chatbot ChatGPT developed by OpenAI. The author notes that the new interface has attracted over a million users in just five days and that ChatGPT is free and can generate text in various structured languages. The author also acknowledges potential concerns, such as the accuracy and bias of AI-generated text, but argues that these are dynamic and improving. The author argues that higher education institutions need to embrace the use of AI-generated text, but also need to reassess their pedagogical and assessment practices to incorporate AI-generated text in a way that aligns with the goals of equity, inclusion, and access. The author suggests that assessment should focus on process rather than outcome and gives a sample class activity that encourages students to compare assigned readings with AI-generated content.
Chatgpt And Its Effects On Higher Education (Full article written by ChatGPT)
[URL] Abstract: The use of ChatGPT in higher education has both benefits and drawbacks. ChatGPT is a natural language processing model that can generate human-like text responses to input text, and is trained on large amounts of text data to learn the patterns and structures of human language. This makes it useful for enhancing language understanding, improving writing skills, and increasing accessibility for students with disabilities. However, NLP models can also reproduce and amplify biases and discrimination in the data they are trained on, have limited flexibility, and create a dependence on technology. Cheating on exams with NLP models is also possible and difficult to prevent, but strict monitoring and oversight can help mitigate this risk.
How ChatGPT Could Transform Higher Education
[URL] abstract: This article discusses the potential impact of OpenAI's language model, ChatGPT, on higher education. It highlights the ability of ChatGPT to provide personalized and automated answers to students' questions, allowing for more efficient and accessible education. The article also touches on the potential ethical considerations and the need for proper implementation and regulation in order to maximize the benefits and minimize potential negative consequences.
[text] abstract: ChatGPT is a large language model developed by OpenAI that excels in various text-based tasks, such as writing and composing. In the field of higher education, ChatGPT has the potential to revolutionize the way students and educators approach learning by providing personalized real-time responses to questions and needs. However, there are also significant dangers associated with the use of ChatGPT in higher education, including the potential for the model to reproduce biases and stereotypes and to reduce human interaction and personalized feedback in the learning process.
Freaking Out About ChatGPT—Part I
Artificial intelligence can crank out passable student essays in seconds. What are we going to do?
[text] article: The OpenAI ChatGPT interface has raised concerns in the academic community due to its ability to produce high-quality writing in seconds. The author, who has been monitoring the technology, finds the progress of GPT3 remarkable but also sees it as an opportunity to re-examine teaching practices and align them with pedagogical values. ChatGPT, however, has no understanding of content and cannot synthesize or evaluate information accurately. The author fed ChatGPT sample questions from past AP exams and was surprised by the quality of the responses. The author argues that the prevalence of standardized assessments and templates like the five-paragraph essay has corrupted the learning process and affected student writing abilities and attitudes towards writing and school. To address this, the author suggests providing students with learning experiences of intrinsic interest, utilizing methods of assessment that consider the learning process, and requiring students to demonstrate understanding in different ways.
[URL] abstract: The article "Freaking Out About ChatGPT- Part I" discusses the potential ethical and societal implications of OpenAI's language model, ChatGPT. The author highlights the concerns of chatbots being used for malicious purposes and the consequences of having AI models with advanced language capabilities. The article suggests that as AI technology continues to advance, it is crucial to consider the ethical implications and take steps to mitigate potential negative consequences.
Using Artificial Intelligence in the Classroom
[URL] abstract: This guide provides an overview of using artificial intelligence (AI) in the classroom. It discusses the benefits and challenges of incorporating AI technologies, such as chatbots and machine learning algorithms, into education. It also explores various examples of AI applications in education, such as personalized learning and language tutoring. The guide also provides recommendations for educators and institutions looking to integrate AI into their teaching practices.
[text] Abstract: ChatGPT, a new conversational artificial intelligence (AI) program, has sparked discussions on its potential impact on higher education and the workforce. While some fear its threat, instructors can use it as an opportunity to educate students on AI by incorporating it in their teaching methods. This approach can encourage student participation in a larger societal discussion, help them develop ethical grounding and understanding of academic integrity related to AI. To prepare, instructors should reflect on the potential threats and benefits, test AI themselves, revise assignments, consider data and privacy policies, and identify and communicate opportunities in their course.
4 Ways Universities Can Use AI to Streamline Operations
[URL] Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being adopted by universities to streamline their operations and improve the student experience. AI can help universities save time and resources by automating repetitive tasks, such as scheduling, student services, and administrative functions. There are several ways that universities can use AI to streamline operations and improve efficiency.
Personalized Student Services: AI can be used to provide students with personalized support and information, including admission and enrollment guidance, financial aid, and course scheduling.
Improved Admissions Process: AI can automate the time-consuming and repetitive task of reviewing and sorting through large numbers of applications, enabling universities to process applications faster and more efficiently.
Streamlined Administrative Functions: AI can automate routine tasks, such as student registration, grade reporting, and course scheduling, freeing up staff time and resources for more important tasks.
Enhance Student Learning: AI can be integrated into the curriculum, providing students with customized and interactive learning experiences that can improve their comprehension and retention of course material.
In conclusion, AI has the potential to revolutionize the way universities operate, improving efficiency and the student experience. Universities can use AI to streamline operations, save time and resources, and improve the overall educational experience.
[text] Abstract: This article explains the benefits of using AI chatbots in higher education institutions. AI chatbots can help reduce call and email volume, streamline the application process, increase availability and accessibility for students, and improve operational efficiency for staff. For example, chatbots can answer routine questions from students 24/7 and remind students about unfinished applications. This can increase the likelihood of students enrolling, leading to better margins for the institution. By improving operational efficiency, staff can focus on more complex interactions with students. Chatbots have already been successful in reducing costs for universities and colleges.
ChatGPT: A Must-See Before the Semester Begins
[URL] Abstract: The article "ChatGPT: A Must-See Before the Semester Begins" focuses on the application of advanced language model technology in the classroom. It highlights the potential benefits of using OpenAI's ChatGPT for educational purposes, including improved student engagement and increased efficiency in answering frequently asked questions. The article also provides tips for integrating ChatGPT into teaching practices, such as using it for language translation and enhancing discussion forums. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of utilizing cutting-edge technology in education and presents ChatGPT as a valuable tool for educators.
[text] Abstract: This article discusses the potential impact of AI in education, specifically in the realm of writing. The author highlights the capabilities of a language model called ChatGPT, which is capable of generating various forms of writing including movie scripts, sonnets, grant proposals, and more. The author argues that the advent of AI writing technology could potentially lead to a shift in the way education is approached, moving away from traditional rote learning and towards a model that emphasizes student-driven learning and collaboration with AI. The author also raises questions about the ethical implications of AI writing, and encourages educators to consider the possibilities for creating more meaningful and purposeful learning experiences for students.
How Emotion AI will change the online learning landscape
[URL] Abstract: Emotion AI is a rapidly developing field that uses artificial intelligence to recognize and respond to human emotions. This technology has the potential to revolutionize the online learning landscape by creating a more personalized and engaging learning experience. By using Emotion AI, online learning platforms can track and respond to the emotional state of students, making the learning process more adaptive and effective. This article explores the benefits of Emotion AI in online learning and how it will shape the future of education.
[text] Abstract: Emotion AI, a branch of affective computing, is gaining mainstream attention for its ability to recognize and respond to human emotions. With the growth of technology, understanding both the cognitive and affective channels of human connection is crucial. As such, industries such as automotive, retail, and education are investing in making their technology more human-like using computer vision and speech recognition. In the education sector, Emotion AI is expected to transform online learning by providing a more personalized and engaging experience for learners. By monitoring the emotions of students and providing feedback to instructors, Emotion AI can improve the learning process and tailor the curriculum to each student's needs. The technology has the potential to play an increasingly important role in the online learning landscape and is likely to transform the way we learn in the future.
ChatGPT Advice Academics Can Use Now
To harness the potential and avert the risks of OpenAI’s new chat bot, academics should think a few years out, invite students into the conversation and—most of all—experiment, not panic.
[URL] Abstract: This article reports on advice offered by academic experts on how to use AI language models like ChatGPT in academia. The experts discuss the benefits and limitations of using AI language models, and offer suggestions on how to effectively integrate them into research and teaching. They also emphasize the importance of being aware of ethical considerations, such as ensuring the appropriate use of data and avoiding the spread of misinformation. The article provides valuable insights for academic institutions looking to utilize AI language models in their work.
[text] Abstract: With the advent of ChatGPT, a language model released by OpenAI, the academic community is grappling with the potential and risks posed by this game-changing technology. The bot writes essays, poems, and debates on a wide range of topics and has even earned passing scores on the bar exam. While some see opportunities for accelerating discussions about teaching and learning, others worry about widespread cheating. Experts in higher education suggest a deliberate and flexible approach to ChatGPT. Faculty members should familiarize themselves with AI writing aids and consider their implications for different courses. Administrators should support faculty training and provide clear instructions to students on the use of AI aids. The focus should be on how these tools can achieve learning outcomes and promote equity and access. By thinking a few years ahead and asking the right questions, academic integrity concerns can be minimized while promoting learning outcomes.
Thoughts about the impact of AI text on assessment
[URL] Abstract: The article "Thoughts About the Impact of AI on Text Assessment" explores the potential consequences of the widespread adoption of artificial intelligence in the field of text assessment. The author discusses the various advantages and disadvantages of relying on AI algorithms, including the ability to analyze large amounts of data quickly, the potential for unbiased scoring, and the possibility of oversimplifying complex linguistic phenomena. They also examine the ethical considerations involved in using AI for text assessment, such as accountability, privacy, and the potential for AI to perpetuate existing biases. Overall, the article provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of AI on text assessment and encourages readers to consider both the benefits and challenges of this technology.
[text] Abstract: The use of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT has raised concerns in the education community regarding their impact on assessment. The author highlights that AI-generated text is not a new problem, as similar issues exist with the use of search engines and essay-writing services. The truthfulness and trustworthiness of AI-generated text are not exclusive to AI, as people can also write untruthful information. The author suggests that the solution to assessment is not to rely on large texts or quizzes, but to focus on long-term engagement for building reputation. The education system needs to be restructured to keep small class sizes and emphasize 1:1 engagement for quality learning. The author also points out that AIs will play a significant role in our lives and need to be educated to be friendly and not competition.
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
How to Productively Address AI-Generated Text in Your Classroom
What are ChatGPT and AI-generated text?
How can you most productively address Chat-GPT and other AI text tools?
Why might students use AI-generated text?
How can you identify AI-generated text?
How can you address AI-generated content in your syllabus and course design?
How can you adjust assignments to make them more AI-resistant?
How can you embrace the AI tools for improving student learning?
ChatGPT and AI in Higher Education: Opportunities and Challenges
Presenters: Vivek Astvansh, Paul Cook, Jeanette Heidewald, Rebecca Itow, Kevin Jones
Moderator: Adam Maksl
Recorded Wednesday, January 18, 2023 3 - 4 p.m. EST
A panel of faculty and experts across IU campuses explores the potential uses and challenges of ChatGPT and other AI technologies in teaching and learning. We've seen many media reports in recent weeks about the technology. Discussions have included not only concerns about students using the tool to cheat but also opportunities to use such tech in automating administrative tasks or proactively introducing students to technology likely to shape the future of work.
In this webinar, we provided a brief overview of the technology and explored these topics and more, identifying both challenges and opportunities for teaching and learning. Our panelists provided diverse, cross-disciplinary perspectives. This panel was the first in a series of programs offered across IU campuses on AI and its role in teaching and learning.
note: following each [hyperlinked] title/subtitle are abstracts generated by ChatGPT after receiving prompts from M. Neal. "Write an abstract for [article link]" is indicated with [URL] abstract. "Write an abstract for [article text]" is indicated with [text] abstract. These very similar prompt-responses are shared consecutively in the hope that reading the abstracts will showcase the variations in ChatGPT output (despite similar input).
Deconstructing ChatGPT on the Future of Continuing Education
The future has arrived in continuing education—however, many have yet to realize the arrival.
[URL] Abstract: "The rise of AI technology and advancements in language models, such as ChatGPT, are poised to change the face of continuing education. The technology offers the potential for personalized and interactive learning experiences, making education more accessible and convenient for students. However, there are concerns about the potential job displacement and ethical implications of relying heavily on AI-powered learning systems. The article explores the potential benefits and drawbacks of ChatGPT and other AI systems in continuing education, and the need for careful consideration of these implications as the technology continues to evolve."
[text] Abstract: The recently released ChatGPT and GPT-3.5 from OpenAI have the potential to revolutionize the field of education. The advancements in AI technology will support heutagogy, which emphasizes student-centered, self-determined learning. AI will serve as a learning assistant, providing personalized and adaptive paths for learners. The technology promises universal access to education and a brighter future for lifelong learning. OpenAI has also taken steps to protect the system from providing harmful content, using a combination of a special prompt and Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF). Early user responses have been positive, with some stating that ChatGPT could potentially replace human-written essays.
ChatGPT and the rise of AI writers: how should higher education respond?
The proliferation of AI text generators such as ChatGPT has major implications for higher education. Nancy Gleason explores how educators should respond to these tools which can write essays in seconds
[URL] Abstract: "The rise of AI language models like ChatGPT is having a significant impact on writing and journalism, and higher education must respond. As AI technology continues to improve and become more prevalent, it is likely to impact the skills and knowledge required of future writers and journalists. Higher education institutions must consider how to adapt and prepare students for a future where AI-generated writing is increasingly common. The article argues that higher education institutions must play a role in preparing students for the ethical and practical implications of working with AI systems and in shaping the future of writing and journalism in an age of AI."
[text] Abstract: The article discusses the latest developments in deep machine learning, specifically the highly sophisticated AI chatbot ChatGPT developed by OpenAI. The author notes that the new interface has attracted over a million users in just five days and that ChatGPT is free and can generate text in various structured languages. The author also acknowledges potential concerns, such as the accuracy and bias of AI-generated text, but argues that these are dynamic and improving. The author argues that higher education institutions need to embrace the use of AI-generated text, but also need to reassess their pedagogical and assessment practices to incorporate AI-generated text in a way that aligns with the goals of equity, inclusion, and access. The author suggests that assessment should focus on process rather than outcome and gives a sample class activity that encourages students to compare assigned readings with AI-generated content.
Chatgpt And Its Effects On Higher Education (Full article written by ChatGPT)
[URL] Abstract: The use of ChatGPT in higher education has both benefits and drawbacks. ChatGPT is a natural language processing model that can generate human-like text responses to input text, and is trained on large amounts of text data to learn the patterns and structures of human language. This makes it useful for enhancing language understanding, improving writing skills, and increasing accessibility for students with disabilities. However, NLP models can also reproduce and amplify biases and discrimination in the data they are trained on, have limited flexibility, and create a dependence on technology. Cheating on exams with NLP models is also possible and difficult to prevent, but strict monitoring and oversight can help mitigate this risk.
How ChatGPT Could Transform Higher Education
[URL] abstract: This article discusses the potential impact of OpenAI's language model, ChatGPT, on higher education. It highlights the ability of ChatGPT to provide personalized and automated answers to students' questions, allowing for more efficient and accessible education. The article also touches on the potential ethical considerations and the need for proper implementation and regulation in order to maximize the benefits and minimize potential negative consequences.
[text] abstract: ChatGPT is a large language model developed by OpenAI that excels in various text-based tasks, such as writing and composing. In the field of higher education, ChatGPT has the potential to revolutionize the way students and educators approach learning by providing personalized real-time responses to questions and needs. However, there are also significant dangers associated with the use of ChatGPT in higher education, including the potential for the model to reproduce biases and stereotypes and to reduce human interaction and personalized feedback in the learning process.
Freaking Out About ChatGPT—Part I
Artificial intelligence can crank out passable student essays in seconds. What are we going to do?
[text] article: The OpenAI ChatGPT interface has raised concerns in the academic community due to its ability to produce high-quality writing in seconds. The author, who has been monitoring the technology, finds the progress of GPT3 remarkable but also sees it as an opportunity to re-examine teaching practices and align them with pedagogical values. ChatGPT, however, has no understanding of content and cannot synthesize or evaluate information accurately. The author fed ChatGPT sample questions from past AP exams and was surprised by the quality of the responses. The author argues that the prevalence of standardized assessments and templates like the five-paragraph essay has corrupted the learning process and affected student writing abilities and attitudes towards writing and school. To address this, the author suggests providing students with learning experiences of intrinsic interest, utilizing methods of assessment that consider the learning process, and requiring students to demonstrate understanding in different ways.
[URL] abstract: The article "Freaking Out About ChatGPT- Part I" discusses the potential ethical and societal implications of OpenAI's language model, ChatGPT. The author highlights the concerns of chatbots being used for malicious purposes and the consequences of having AI models with advanced language capabilities. The article suggests that as AI technology continues to advance, it is crucial to consider the ethical implications and take steps to mitigate potential negative consequences.
Using Artificial Intelligence in the Classroom
[URL] abstract: This guide provides an overview of using artificial intelligence (AI) in the classroom. It discusses the benefits and challenges of incorporating AI technologies, such as chatbots and machine learning algorithms, into education. It also explores various examples of AI applications in education, such as personalized learning and language tutoring. The guide also provides recommendations for educators and institutions looking to integrate AI into their teaching practices.
[text] Abstract: ChatGPT, a new conversational artificial intelligence (AI) program, has sparked discussions on its potential impact on higher education and the workforce. While some fear its threat, instructors can use it as an opportunity to educate students on AI by incorporating it in their teaching methods. This approach can encourage student participation in a larger societal discussion, help them develop ethical grounding and understanding of academic integrity related to AI. To prepare, instructors should reflect on the potential threats and benefits, test AI themselves, revise assignments, consider data and privacy policies, and identify and communicate opportunities in their course.
4 Ways Universities Can Use AI to Streamline Operations
[URL] Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being adopted by universities to streamline their operations and improve the student experience. AI can help universities save time and resources by automating repetitive tasks, such as scheduling, student services, and administrative functions. There are several ways that universities can use AI to streamline operations and improve efficiency.
Personalized Student Services: AI can be used to provide students with personalized support and information, including admission and enrollment guidance, financial aid, and course scheduling.
Improved Admissions Process: AI can automate the time-consuming and repetitive task of reviewing and sorting through large numbers of applications, enabling universities to process applications faster and more efficiently.
Streamlined Administrative Functions: AI can automate routine tasks, such as student registration, grade reporting, and course scheduling, freeing up staff time and resources for more important tasks.
Enhance Student Learning: AI can be integrated into the curriculum, providing students with customized and interactive learning experiences that can improve their comprehension and retention of course material.
In conclusion, AI has the potential to revolutionize the way universities operate, improving efficiency and the student experience. Universities can use AI to streamline operations, save time and resources, and improve the overall educational experience.
[text] Abstract: This article explains the benefits of using AI chatbots in higher education institutions. AI chatbots can help reduce call and email volume, streamline the application process, increase availability and accessibility for students, and improve operational efficiency for staff. For example, chatbots can answer routine questions from students 24/7 and remind students about unfinished applications. This can increase the likelihood of students enrolling, leading to better margins for the institution. By improving operational efficiency, staff can focus on more complex interactions with students. Chatbots have already been successful in reducing costs for universities and colleges.
ChatGPT: A Must-See Before the Semester Begins
[URL] Abstract: The article "ChatGPT: A Must-See Before the Semester Begins" focuses on the application of advanced language model technology in the classroom. It highlights the potential benefits of using OpenAI's ChatGPT for educational purposes, including improved student engagement and increased efficiency in answering frequently asked questions. The article also provides tips for integrating ChatGPT into teaching practices, such as using it for language translation and enhancing discussion forums. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of utilizing cutting-edge technology in education and presents ChatGPT as a valuable tool for educators.
[text] Abstract: This article discusses the potential impact of AI in education, specifically in the realm of writing. The author highlights the capabilities of a language model called ChatGPT, which is capable of generating various forms of writing including movie scripts, sonnets, grant proposals, and more. The author argues that the advent of AI writing technology could potentially lead to a shift in the way education is approached, moving away from traditional rote learning and towards a model that emphasizes student-driven learning and collaboration with AI. The author also raises questions about the ethical implications of AI writing, and encourages educators to consider the possibilities for creating more meaningful and purposeful learning experiences for students.
How Emotion AI will change the online learning landscape
[URL] Abstract: Emotion AI is a rapidly developing field that uses artificial intelligence to recognize and respond to human emotions. This technology has the potential to revolutionize the online learning landscape by creating a more personalized and engaging learning experience. By using Emotion AI, online learning platforms can track and respond to the emotional state of students, making the learning process more adaptive and effective. This article explores the benefits of Emotion AI in online learning and how it will shape the future of education.
[text] Abstract: Emotion AI, a branch of affective computing, is gaining mainstream attention for its ability to recognize and respond to human emotions. With the growth of technology, understanding both the cognitive and affective channels of human connection is crucial. As such, industries such as automotive, retail, and education are investing in making their technology more human-like using computer vision and speech recognition. In the education sector, Emotion AI is expected to transform online learning by providing a more personalized and engaging experience for learners. By monitoring the emotions of students and providing feedback to instructors, Emotion AI can improve the learning process and tailor the curriculum to each student's needs. The technology has the potential to play an increasingly important role in the online learning landscape and is likely to transform the way we learn in the future.
ChatGPT Advice Academics Can Use Now
To harness the potential and avert the risks of OpenAI’s new chat bot, academics should think a few years out, invite students into the conversation and—most of all—experiment, not panic.
[URL] Abstract: This article reports on advice offered by academic experts on how to use AI language models like ChatGPT in academia. The experts discuss the benefits and limitations of using AI language models, and offer suggestions on how to effectively integrate them into research and teaching. They also emphasize the importance of being aware of ethical considerations, such as ensuring the appropriate use of data and avoiding the spread of misinformation. The article provides valuable insights for academic institutions looking to utilize AI language models in their work.
[text] Abstract: With the advent of ChatGPT, a language model released by OpenAI, the academic community is grappling with the potential and risks posed by this game-changing technology. The bot writes essays, poems, and debates on a wide range of topics and has even earned passing scores on the bar exam. While some see opportunities for accelerating discussions about teaching and learning, others worry about widespread cheating. Experts in higher education suggest a deliberate and flexible approach to ChatGPT. Faculty members should familiarize themselves with AI writing aids and consider their implications for different courses. Administrators should support faculty training and provide clear instructions to students on the use of AI aids. The focus should be on how these tools can achieve learning outcomes and promote equity and access. By thinking a few years ahead and asking the right questions, academic integrity concerns can be minimized while promoting learning outcomes.
Thoughts about the impact of AI text on assessment
[URL] Abstract: The article "Thoughts About the Impact of AI on Text Assessment" explores the potential consequences of the widespread adoption of artificial intelligence in the field of text assessment. The author discusses the various advantages and disadvantages of relying on AI algorithms, including the ability to analyze large amounts of data quickly, the potential for unbiased scoring, and the possibility of oversimplifying complex linguistic phenomena. They also examine the ethical considerations involved in using AI for text assessment, such as accountability, privacy, and the potential for AI to perpetuate existing biases. Overall, the article provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of AI on text assessment and encourages readers to consider both the benefits and challenges of this technology.
[text] Abstract: The use of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT has raised concerns in the education community regarding their impact on assessment. The author highlights that AI-generated text is not a new problem, as similar issues exist with the use of search engines and essay-writing services. The truthfulness and trustworthiness of AI-generated text are not exclusive to AI, as people can also write untruthful information. The author suggests that the solution to assessment is not to rely on large texts or quizzes, but to focus on long-term engagement for building reputation. The education system needs to be restructured to keep small class sizes and emphasize 1:1 engagement for quality learning. The author also points out that AIs will play a significant role in our lives and need to be educated to be friendly and not competition.
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
How to Productively Address AI-Generated Text in Your Classroom
What are ChatGPT and AI-generated text?
How can you most productively address Chat-GPT and other AI text tools?
Why might students use AI-generated text?
How can you identify AI-generated text?
How can you address AI-generated content in your syllabus and course design?
How can you adjust assignments to make them more AI-resistant?
How can you embrace the AI tools for improving student learning?
ChatGPT and AI in Higher Education: Opportunities and Challenges
Presenters: Vivek Astvansh, Paul Cook, Jeanette Heidewald, Rebecca Itow, Kevin Jones
Moderator: Adam Maksl
Recorded Wednesday, January 18, 2023 3 - 4 p.m. EST
A panel of faculty and experts across IU campuses explores the potential uses and challenges of ChatGPT and other AI technologies in teaching and learning. We've seen many media reports in recent weeks about the technology. Discussions have included not only concerns about students using the tool to cheat but also opportunities to use such tech in automating administrative tasks or proactively introducing students to technology likely to shape the future of work.
In this webinar, we provided a brief overview of the technology and explored these topics and more, identifying both challenges and opportunities for teaching and learning. Our panelists provided diverse, cross-disciplinary perspectives. This panel was the first in a series of programs offered across IU campuses on AI and its role in teaching and learning.
Authored by:
Makena Neal & Chat GPT
Posted on: #iteachmsu
PEDAGOGICAL DESIGN
Instructional Guidance Is Key to Promoting Active Learning in Online and Blended Courses
Instructional Guidance Is Key to Promoting Active Learning in Online and Blended Courses Written by: Jay Loftus Ed.D. (MSU / CTLI) & Michele Jacobsen, Ph.D. (Werklund School of Education - University of Calgary)
Abstract - Active learning strategies tend to originate from one of two dominant philosophical perspectives. The first position is active learning as an instructional philosophy, whereby inquiry-based and discovery learning are primary modalities for acquiring new information. The second perspective considers active learning a strategy to supplement the use of more structured forms of instruction, such as direct instruction. From the latter perspective, active learning is employed to reinforce conceptual learning following the presentation of factual or foundational knowledge. This review focuses on the second perspective and uses of active learning as a strategy. We highlight the need and often overlooked requirement for including instructional guidance to ensure active learning, which can be effective and efficient for learning and learners.
Keywords - Active learning, instructional guidance, design strategy, cognitive load, efficiency, online and blended courses
Introduction
Learner engagement in online courses has been a central theme in educational research for several years (Martin, Sun and Westing, 2020). As we consider the academic experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic, which began in 2020 and started to subside in 2022, it is essential to reflect on the importance of course quality (Cavanaugh, Jacquemin and Junker, 2023) and learner experience in online courses (Gherghel, Yasuda and Kita, 2023). Rebounding from our collected experience, learner engagement continues to be an important element of course design and delivery. This fact was highlighted in 2021, when the United States Department of Education (DOE) set forth new standards for institutions offering online courses. To be eligible for Title IV funding, new standards require non-correspondence courses to ensure regular and substantive interactions (RSI) between instructors and students (Downs, 2021). This requirement necessitates the need to find ways to engage students allowing instructors the ability to maximize their interactions. One possible solution is to use active learning techniques that have been shown to increase student engagement and learning outcomes (Ashiabi & O’ Neal, 2008; Cavanaugh et al., 2023).
Active learning is an important instructional strategy and pedagogical philosophy used to design quality learning experiences and foster engaging and interactive learning environments. However, this is not a novel perspective. Many years ago in their seminal work, Chickering and Gamson (1987) discussed the issue of interaction between instructors and students, suggesting that this was an essential practice for quality undergraduate education. The newfound focus on active learning strategies has become more pronounced following an examination of instructional practices from 2020 to 2022. For example, Tan, Chng, Chonardo, Ng and Fung (2020) examined how chemistry instructors incorporated active learning into their instruction to achieve equivalent learning experiences in pre-pandemic classrooms. Similarly, Misra and Mazelfi (2021) described the need to incorporate group work or active learning activities into remote courses to: ‘increase students’ learning motivation, enforce mutual respect for friends’ opinions, foster excitement’ (p. 228). Rincon-Flores & Santos-Guevara (2021) found that gamification as a form of active learning, ‘helped to motivate students to participate actively and improved their academic performance, in a setting where the mode of instruction was remote, synchronous, and online’ (p.43). Further, the implementation of active learning, particularly gamification, was found to be helpful for promoting a more humanizing learning experience (Rincon-Flores & Santos-Guevara, 2021).
This review examines the use of active learning and presents instructional guidance as an often-overlooked element that must be included to make active learning useful and effective. The omission of explicit and direct instructional guidance when using active learning can be inefficient, resulting in an extraneous cognitive burden on learners (Lange, Gorbunova, Shcheglova and Costley, 2022). We hope to outline our justification through a review of active learning and offer strategies to ensure that the implementation of active learning is effective.
Active Learning as an Instructional Philosophy
Active learning is inherently a ‘student-centered’ instructional paradigm that is derived from a constructivist epistemological perspective (Krahenbuhl, 2016; Schunk, 2012). Constructivism theorizes that individuals construct their understanding through interactions and engagements, whereby the refinement of skills and knowledge results over time (Cobb & Bowers, 1999). Through inquiry, students produce experiences and make connections that lead to logical and conceptual growth (Bada & Olusegun, 2015). Engaging learners in activities, tasks, and planned experiences is an overarching premise of active learning as an instructional philosophy. As an overarching instructional philosophy, the role of instructional guidance can be minimized. As Hammer (1997) pointed out many years ago, the role of the instructor in these environments is to provide content and materials, and students are left make ‘discoveries’ through inquiry.
Inquiry-based learning (IBL) is an instructional practice that falls under the general category of ‘active learning’. The tenets of IBL adhere to a constructivist learning philosophy (de Jong et al., 2023) and can be characterized by the following six elements (Duncan & Chinn, 2021). Students will:
Generate knowledge through investigation of a novel issue or problem.
Work ‘actively’ to discover new findings.
Use of evidence to derive conclusions.
Take responsibility for their own learning through ‘epistemological agency’ (Chinn & Iordanou, 2023) and share their learning with a community of learners.
Use problem-solving and reasoning for complex tasks.
Collaborate, share ideas, and derive solutions with peers.
Historically, inquiry-based learning as a form of active learning was adopted as an overall instructional paradigm in disciplines such as medicine and was closely aligned with problem-based learning (PBL) (Barrows, 1996). Proponents of PBL advocate its use because of its emphasis on the development of skills such as communication, collaboration, and critical thinking (Dring, 2019). Critics of these constructivist approaches to instruction highlight the absence of a structure and any form of instructional guidance (Zhang & Cobern, 2021). Instead, they advocate a more explicit form of instruction such as direct instruction (Zhang, Kirschner, Corben and Sweller, 2022).
The view that a hybrid of IBL coupled with direct instruction is the optimal approach to implementing active learning has been highlighted in the recent academic literature (de Jong et al., 2023). The authors suggest that the selection of direct instruction or active learning strategies, such as IBL, should be guided by the desired outcomes of instruction. If the goal of instruction is the acquisition of more foundational or factual information, direct instruction is the preferred strategy. Conversely, IBL strategies are more appropriate ‘for the promotion of deep understanding and transferrable conceptual understanding of topics that are open-ended or susceptible to misconceptions’ (de Jong et al., 2023 p. 7).
The recommendation to use both direct instruction and approaches like IBL has reframed active learning as an instructional strategy rather than an overarching pedagogical philosophy. Active learning should be viewed as a technique or strategy coupled with direct instructional approaches (de Jong et al., 2023).
Active Learning as an Instructional Strategy
Approaching active learning as an instructional strategy rather than an overarching instructional philosophy helps clarify and address the varying perspectives found in the literature. Zhang et al. (2022) suggested that there is a push to emphasize exploration-based pedagogy. This includes instructional approaches deemed to be predicated on inquiry, discovery, or problem-based approaches. This emphasis has resulted in changes to curricular policies that mandate the incorporation of these instructional philosophies. Zhang et al. (2022) discussed how active learning approaches can be incorporated into science education policy to emphasize ‘inquiry’ approaches, despite adequate evidence for effectiveness. Zhang et al. (2022) stated that the ‘disjoint between policy documents and research evidence is exacerbated by the tendency to ignore categories of research that do not provide the favored research outcomes that support teaching science through inquiry and investigations’ (p. 1162). Instead, Zhang et al. (2022) advocate for direct instruction as the primary mode of instruction in science education with active learning or ‘inquiry’ learning incorporated as a strategy, arguing that conceptual or foundational understanding ‘should not be ‘traded off’ by prioritizing other learning outcomes’ (p. 1172).
In response to Zhang et al. ’s (2022) critique, de Jong et al. (2023) argued that research evidence supports the use of inquiry-based instruction for the acquisition of conceptual understanding in science education. They asserted that both inquiry-based (or active learning approaches) and direct instruction serve specific learning needs. Direct instruction may be superior for foundational or factual learning, while inquiry-based or active learning may be better for conceptual understanding and reinforcement. The conclusion of de Jong et al. ’s (2023) argument suggests the use of a hybrid of direct instruction and active learning techniques, such as inquiry-based designs, depending on the stated learning objectives of the course or the desired outcomes.
This hybrid approach to instructional practice can help ensure that intended learning outcomes are matched with effective instructional strategies. Furthermore, a hybrid approach can help maintain efficiency in learning rather than leaving the acquisition of stated learning outcomes to discovery or happenstance (Slocum & Rolf, 2021). This notion was supported by Nerantzi's (2020) suggestion that ‘students learn best when they are active and immersed in the learning process, when their curiosity is stimulated, when they can ask questions and debate in and outside the classroom, when they are supported in this process and feel part of a learning community’ (p. 187). Emphasis on learner engagement may support the belief that active learning strategies combined with direct instruction may provide an optimal environment for learning. Active learning strategies can be used to reinforce the direct or explicit presentation of concepts and principles (Lapitan Jr, Tiangco, Sumalinog, Sabarillo and Diaz, 2021).
Recently, Zhang (2022) examined the importance of integrating direct instruction with hands-on investigation as an instructional model in high school physics classes. Zhang (2022) determined that ‘students benefit more when they develop a thorough theoretical foundation about science ideas before hands-on investigations’ (p. 111). This supports the earlier research in post-secondary STEM disciplines as reported by Freeman, Eddy, McDonough and Wenderoth (2014), where the authors suggested that active learning strategies help to improve student performance. The authors further predicted that active learning interventions would show more significant learning gains when combined with ‘required exercises that are completed outside of formal class sessions’ (p. 8413).
Active Learning Strategies
Active learning is characterized by activities, tasks, and learner interactions. Several characteristics of active learning have been identified, including interaction, peer learning, and instructor presence (Nerantzi, 2020). Technology affords students learning opportunities to connect pre-, during-, and post-formal learning sessions (Zou & Xie, 2019; Nerantzi, 2020). The interactions or techniques that instructors use help determine the types of interactions and outcomes that will result. Instructors may be ‘present’ or active in the process but may not provide adequate instructional guidance for techniques to be efficient or effective (Cooper, Schinske and Tanner, 2021; Kalyuga, Chandler and Sweller. 2001). To highlight this gap, we first consider the widely used technique of think-pair-share, an active learning strategy first introduced by Lyman (1981). This active learning strategy was introduced to provide all students equitable opportunities to think and discuss ideas with their peers. The steps involved in this technique were recently summarized (Cooper et al., 2021): i) provide a prompt or question to students, (ii) give students a chance to think about the question or prompt independently, (iii) have students share their initial answers/responses with a neighbor in a pair or a small group, and (iv) invite a few groups a chance to share their responses with the whole class.
Instructional guidance outlines the structure and actions associated with a task. This includes identifying the goals and subgoals, and suggesting strategies or algorithms to complete the task (Kalyuga et al., 2001). Employing the strategy of think-pair-sharing requires more instructional guidance than instructors may consider. The title of the strategy foreshadows what students will ‘do’ to complete the activity. However, instructional guidance is essential to help students focus on the outcome, rather than merely enacting the process of the activity. Furthermore, instructional guidance or instructions given to students when employing think-pair-sharing can help make this activity more equitable. Cooper et al. (2021) point out that equity is an important consideration when employing think-pair-share. Often, think-pair-share activities are not equitable during the pair or share portion of the exercise, and can be dominated by more vocal or boisterous students. Instructional guidance can help ensure that the activity is more equitable by providing more explicit instructions on expectations for sharing. For example, the instructions for a think-pair-share activity may include those that require each student to compose and then share ideas on a digital whiteboard or on a slide within a larger shared slide deck. The opportunity for equitable learning must be built into the instructions given to students. Otherwise, the learning experience could be meaningless or lack the contribution of students who are timid or find comfort in a passive role during group learning.
Further considerations for instructional guidance are necessary since we now use various forms of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) to promote active learning strategies. Web conferencing tools, such as Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Google Meet, were used frequently during the height of required remote or hybrid teaching (Ahshan, 2021). Activities that separated students into smaller work groups via breakout rooms or unique discussion threads often included instructions on what students were to accomplish in these smaller collaborative groups. However, the communication of expectations or explicit guidance to help direct students in these groups were often not explicit or were not accessible once the students had been arranged into their isolated workspaces. These active learning exercises would have benefited from clear guidance and instructions on how to ‘call for help’ once separated from the larger group meetings. For example, Li, Xu, He, He, Pribesh, Watson and Major, (2021) described an activity for pair programming that uses zoom breakout rooms. In their description, the authors outlined the steps learners were expected to follow to successfully complete the active learning activity, as well as the mechanisms students used to ask for assistance once isolated from the larger Zoom session that contained the entire class. The description by Li et al. (2021) provided an effective approach to instructional guidance for active learning using Zoom. Often, instructions are verbalized or difficult to refer to once individuals are removed from the general or common room. The lack of explicit instructional guidance in these activities can result in inefficiency (Kalyuga et al., 2001) and often inequity (Cooper et al., 2021).
The final active learning approach considered here was a case study analysis of asynchronous discussion forums. To extend engagement with course content, students were assigned a case study to discuss in a group discussion forum. The group is invited to apply course concepts and respond to questions as they analyze the case and prepare recommendations and a solution (Hartwell et al., 2021). Findings indicate that case study analysis in discussion forums as an active learning strategy “encouraged collaborative learning and contributed to improvement in cognitive learning” (Seethamraju, 2014, p. 9). While this active learning strategy can engage students with course materials to apply these concepts in new situations, it can also result in a high-volume-low-yield set of responses and posts without sufficient instructional guidance and clear expectations for engagement and deliverables. Hartwell, Anderson, Hanlon, and Brown (2021) offer guidance on the effective use of online discussion forums for case study analysis, such as clear expectations for student work in teams (e.g., a team contract), ongoing teamwork support through regular check-ins and assessment criteria, clear timelines and tasks for individual analysis, combined group discussion and cross-case comparison, review of posted solutions, and requirements for clear connections between case analysis and course concepts.
Active Learning & Cognitive Load Theory
In a recent review of current policy and educational standards within STEM disciplines, Zhang et al. (2022) argued that structured instructional approaches such as direct instruction align more closely with cognitive-based learning theories. These theories are better at predicting learning gains and identifying how learning occurs. Cognitive load theory is one such theory based on three main assumptions. First, humans have the capacity to obtain novel information through problem-solving or from other people. Obtaining information from other individuals is more efficient than generating solutions themselves. Second, acquired information is confronted by an individual’s limited capacity to first store information in working memory and then transfer it to unlimited long-term memory for later use. Problem-solving imposes a heavy burden on limited working memory. Thus, learners often rely on the information obtained from others. Finally, information stored in long-term memory can be transferred back to working memory to deal with familiar situations (Sweller, 2020). The recall of information from long-term memory to working memory is not bound by the limits of the initial acquisition of information in working memory (Zhang et al., 2022).
Zhang et al. (2022) state that ‘there never is a justification for engaging in inquiry-based learning or any other pedagogically identical approaches when students need to acquire complex, novel information’ (p. 1170). This is clearly a one-sided argument that focuses on the acquisition of information rather than the application of acquired information. This also presents an obvious issue related to the efficiency of acquiring novel information. However, Zhang et al. (2022) did not argue against the use of active learning or inquiry learning strategies to help reinforce concepts, or the use of the same to support direct instruction.
The combination of active learning strategies with direct instruction can be modified using assumptions of cognitive load, which highlights the need to include instructional guidance with active learning strategies. The inclusion of clear and precise instructions or instructional guidance is critical for effective active learning strategies (Murphy, 2023). As de Jong et al. (2023) suggest, ‘guidance is (initially) needed to make inquiry learning successful' (p.9). We cannot assume that instructional guidance is implied through the name of the activity or can be determined from the previous learning experiences of students. Assumptions lead to ambiguous learning environments that lack instructional guidance, force learners to infer expectations, and rely on prior and/or potentially limited active learning experiences. In the following section, we offer suggestions for improving the use of active learning strategies in online and blended learning environments by adding instructional guidance.
Suggestions for Improving the Use of Active Learning in Online and Blended Courses
The successful implementation of active learning depends on several factors. One of the most critical barriers to the adoption of active learning is student participation. As Finelli et al. (2018) highlighted, students may be reluctant to participate demonstrating behaviors such as, ‘not participating when asked to engage in an in-class activity, distracting other students, performing the required task with minimal effort, complaining, or giving lower course evaluations’ (p. 81). These behaviors are reminiscent of petulant adolescents, often discouraging instructors from implementing active learning in the future. To overcome this, the authors suggested that providing a clear explanation of the purpose of the active learning exercise would help curb resistance to participation. More recently, de Jong et al. (2023) stated a similar perspective that ‘a key issue in interpreting the impact of inquiry-based instruction is the role of guidance’ (p. 5). The inclusion of clear and explicit steps for completing an active learning exercise is a necessary design strategy. This aspect of instructional guidance is relatively easy to achieve with the arrival of generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools used to support instructors. As Crompton and Burke (2024) pointed out in their recent review, ‘ChatGPT can assist teachers in the creation of content, lesson plans, and learning activities’ (p.384). More specifically, Crompton and Burke (2024) suggested that generative AI could be used to provide step-by-step instructions for students. To illustrate this point, we entered the following prompt into the generative AI tool, goblin.tools (https://goblin.tools/) ‘Provide instructions given to students for a carousel activity in a college class.’ The output is shown in Fig. 1. This tool is used to break down tasks into steps, and if needed, it can further break down each step into a more discrete sequence of steps.
Figure 1 . Goblin.tools instructions for carousel active learning exercises.
The omission of explicit steps or direct instructional guidance in an active learning exercise can potentially increase extraneous cognitive load (Klepsch & Seufert, 2020; Sweller, 2020). This pernicious impact on cognitive load is the result of the diversion of one’s limited capacity to reconcile problems (Zhang, 2022). Furthermore, the complexity of active learning within an online or blended course is exacerbated by the inclusion of technologies used for instructional purposes. Instructional guidance should include requisite guidance for tools used in active learning. Again, generative AI tools, such as goblin.tools, may help mitigate the potential burden on cognitive load. For example, the use of webconferencing tools, such as Zoom or Microsoft Teams, has been pervasive in higher education. Anyone who uses these tools can relate to situations in which larger groups are segmented into smaller groups in isolated breakout rooms. Once participant relocation has occurred, there is often confusion regarding the intended purpose or goals of the breakout room. Newer features, such as collaborative whiteboards, exacerbate confusion and the potential for excessive extraneous load. Generative AI instructions (see Figure 2) could be created and offered to mitigate confusion and cognitive load burden.
Figure 2. Zoom collaborative whiteboard instructions produced by goblin.tools
Generative AI has the potential to help outline the steps in active learning exercises. This can be used to minimize confusion and serve as a reference for students. However, instruction alone is often insufficient to make active learning effective. As Finelli et al. (2018) suggest, the inclusion of a rationale for implementing active learning is an effective mechanism to encourage student participation. To this end, we suggest the adoption of what Bereiter (2014) called Principled Practical Knowledge (PPK) which consists of the combination of ‘know-how’ with ‘know why’ (Bereiter, 2014). This perspective develops out of learners’ efforts to solve practical problems. It is a combination of knowledge that extends beyond simply addressing the task at hand. There is an investment of effort to provide a rationale or justification to address the ‘know why’ portion of PPK (Bereiter, 2014). Creating conditions for learners to develop ‘know-how’ is critical when incorporating active learning strategies in online and blended courses. Instructional guidance can reduce ambiguity and extraneous load and can also increase efficiency and potentially equity.
What is typically not included in the instructional guidance offered to students is comprehensive knowledge that outlines the requirements for technology that is often employed in active learning strategies. Ahshan (2021) suggests that technology skill competency is essential for the instructors and learners to implement the activities smoothly. Therefore, knowledge should include the tools employed in active learning. Instructors cannot assume that learners have a universal baseline of technological competency and thus need to be aware of this diversity when providing instructional guidance.
An often-overlooked element of instructional guidance connected to PPK is the ‘know-why’ component. Learners are often prescribed learning tasks without a rationale or justification for their utility. The underlying assumption for implementing active learning strategies is the benefits of collaboration, communication, and collective problem-solving are clear to learners (Dring, 2019; Hartikainen et al., 2019). However, these perceived benefits or rationales are often not provided explicitly to learners; instead, they are implied through use.
When implementing active learning techniques or strategies in a blended or online course one needs to consider not only the ‘know-how,’ but also the ‘know-why.’ Table 1 helps to identify the scope of instructional guidance that should be provided to students.
Table 1. Recommended Type of Instructional Guidance for Active Learning
Know How
Know Why
Activity
Steps
Purpose / Rationale
Technology
Steps
Purpose / Rationale
Outcomes / Products
Completion
Goals
The purpose of providing clear and explicit instructional guidance to learners is to ensure efficiency, equity, and value in incorporating active learning strategies into online and blended learning environments. Along with our argument for “know-why” (Bereiter, 2012), we draw upon Murphy (2023) who highlights the importance of “know-how’ by stating, ‘if students do not understand how a particular learning design helps them arrive at a particular outcome, they tend to be less invested in a course’ (n.p.).
Clear instructional guidance does not diminish the authenticity of various active learning strategies such as problem-based or inquiry-based techniques. In contrast, guidance serves to scaffold the activity and clearly outline learner expectations. Design standards organizations, such as Quality Matters, suggest the inclusion of statements that indicate a plan for how instructors will engage with learners, as well as the requirements for learner engagement in active learning. These statements regarding instructor engagement could be extended to include more transparency in the selection of instructional strategies. Murphy (2023) suggested that instructors should ‘pull back the curtain’ and take a few minutes to share the rationale and research that informs their decision to use strategies such as active learning. Opening a dialogue about the design process with students helps to manage expectations and anxieties that students might have in relation to the ‘What?’, ‘Why?’ and ‘How?’ for the active learning exercises.
Implications for Future Research
We contend that a blend of direct instruction and active learning strategies is optimized by instructional guidance, which provides explicit know-how and know-why for students to engage in learning tasks and activities. The present discussion does not intend to evaluate the utility of active learning as an instructional strategy. The efficacy of active learning is a recurring theme in the academic literature, and the justification for efficacy is largely anecdotal or based on self-reporting data from students (Hartikainen, Rintala, Pylväs and Nokelainen, 2019). Regardless, the process of incorporating active learning strategies with direct instruction appears to be beneficial for learning (Ahshan, 2021; Christie & De Graaff, 2017; Mintzes, 2020), and more likely, the learning experience can be harder to quantify. Our argument relates to the necessary inclusion of instructions and guidance that make the goals of active learning more efficient and effective (de Jong et al., 2023). Scardamalia and Bereiter (2006) stated earlier that knowledge about dominates traditional educational practice. It is the stuff of textbooks, curriculum guidelines, subject-matter tests, and typical school “projects” and “research” papers. Knowledge would be the product of active learning. In contrast, knowledge of, ‘suffers massive neglect’ (p. 101). Knowledge enables learners to do something and allows them to actively participate in an activity. Knowledge comprises both procedural and declarative knowledge. It is activated when the need for it is encountered in the action. Instructional guidance can help facilitate knowledge of, making the use of active learning techniques more efficient and effective.
Research is needed on the impact of instructional guidance on active learning strategies, especially when considering the incorporation of more sophisticated technologies and authentic problems (Rapanta, Botturi, Goodyear, Guardia and Koole 2021; Varvara, Bernardi, Bianchi, Sinjari and Piattelli, 2021). Recently, Lee (2020) examined the impact of instructor engagement on learning outcomes in an online course and determined that increased instructor engagement correlated with enhanced discussion board posts and student performance. A similar examination of the relationship between the instructional guidance provided and student learning outcomes would be a valuable next step. It could offer more explicit guidance and recommendations for the design and use of active learning strategies in online or blended courses.
Conclusion
Education was disrupted out of necessity for at least two years. This experience forced us to examine our practices in online and blended learning, as our sample size for evaluation grew dramatically. The outcome of our analysis is that effective design and inclusion of student engagement and interactions with instructors are critical for quality learning experiences (Rapanta et al., 2021; Sutarto, Sari and Fathurrochman, 2020; Varvara et al., 2021). Active learning appeals to many students (Christie & De Graaff, 2017) and instructors as it can help achieve many of the desired and required outcomes of our courses and programs. Our review and discussion highlighted the need to provide clear and explicit guidance to help minimize cognitive load and guide students through an invaluable learning experience. Further, instructors and designers who include explicit guidance participate in a metacognitive process, while they outline the purpose and sequence of steps required for the completion of active learning exercises. Creating instructions and providing a rationale for the use of active learning in a course gives instructors and designers an opportunity to reflect on the process and ensure that it aligns with the intended purpose or stated goals of the course. This reflective act makes active learning more intentional in use rather than employing it to ensure that students are present within the learning space.
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Abstract - Active learning strategies tend to originate from one of two dominant philosophical perspectives. The first position is active learning as an instructional philosophy, whereby inquiry-based and discovery learning are primary modalities for acquiring new information. The second perspective considers active learning a strategy to supplement the use of more structured forms of instruction, such as direct instruction. From the latter perspective, active learning is employed to reinforce conceptual learning following the presentation of factual or foundational knowledge. This review focuses on the second perspective and uses of active learning as a strategy. We highlight the need and often overlooked requirement for including instructional guidance to ensure active learning, which can be effective and efficient for learning and learners.
Keywords - Active learning, instructional guidance, design strategy, cognitive load, efficiency, online and blended courses
Introduction
Learner engagement in online courses has been a central theme in educational research for several years (Martin, Sun and Westing, 2020). As we consider the academic experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic, which began in 2020 and started to subside in 2022, it is essential to reflect on the importance of course quality (Cavanaugh, Jacquemin and Junker, 2023) and learner experience in online courses (Gherghel, Yasuda and Kita, 2023). Rebounding from our collected experience, learner engagement continues to be an important element of course design and delivery. This fact was highlighted in 2021, when the United States Department of Education (DOE) set forth new standards for institutions offering online courses. To be eligible for Title IV funding, new standards require non-correspondence courses to ensure regular and substantive interactions (RSI) between instructors and students (Downs, 2021). This requirement necessitates the need to find ways to engage students allowing instructors the ability to maximize their interactions. One possible solution is to use active learning techniques that have been shown to increase student engagement and learning outcomes (Ashiabi & O’ Neal, 2008; Cavanaugh et al., 2023).
Active learning is an important instructional strategy and pedagogical philosophy used to design quality learning experiences and foster engaging and interactive learning environments. However, this is not a novel perspective. Many years ago in their seminal work, Chickering and Gamson (1987) discussed the issue of interaction between instructors and students, suggesting that this was an essential practice for quality undergraduate education. The newfound focus on active learning strategies has become more pronounced following an examination of instructional practices from 2020 to 2022. For example, Tan, Chng, Chonardo, Ng and Fung (2020) examined how chemistry instructors incorporated active learning into their instruction to achieve equivalent learning experiences in pre-pandemic classrooms. Similarly, Misra and Mazelfi (2021) described the need to incorporate group work or active learning activities into remote courses to: ‘increase students’ learning motivation, enforce mutual respect for friends’ opinions, foster excitement’ (p. 228). Rincon-Flores & Santos-Guevara (2021) found that gamification as a form of active learning, ‘helped to motivate students to participate actively and improved their academic performance, in a setting where the mode of instruction was remote, synchronous, and online’ (p.43). Further, the implementation of active learning, particularly gamification, was found to be helpful for promoting a more humanizing learning experience (Rincon-Flores & Santos-Guevara, 2021).
This review examines the use of active learning and presents instructional guidance as an often-overlooked element that must be included to make active learning useful and effective. The omission of explicit and direct instructional guidance when using active learning can be inefficient, resulting in an extraneous cognitive burden on learners (Lange, Gorbunova, Shcheglova and Costley, 2022). We hope to outline our justification through a review of active learning and offer strategies to ensure that the implementation of active learning is effective.
Active Learning as an Instructional Philosophy
Active learning is inherently a ‘student-centered’ instructional paradigm that is derived from a constructivist epistemological perspective (Krahenbuhl, 2016; Schunk, 2012). Constructivism theorizes that individuals construct their understanding through interactions and engagements, whereby the refinement of skills and knowledge results over time (Cobb & Bowers, 1999). Through inquiry, students produce experiences and make connections that lead to logical and conceptual growth (Bada & Olusegun, 2015). Engaging learners in activities, tasks, and planned experiences is an overarching premise of active learning as an instructional philosophy. As an overarching instructional philosophy, the role of instructional guidance can be minimized. As Hammer (1997) pointed out many years ago, the role of the instructor in these environments is to provide content and materials, and students are left make ‘discoveries’ through inquiry.
Inquiry-based learning (IBL) is an instructional practice that falls under the general category of ‘active learning’. The tenets of IBL adhere to a constructivist learning philosophy (de Jong et al., 2023) and can be characterized by the following six elements (Duncan & Chinn, 2021). Students will:
Generate knowledge through investigation of a novel issue or problem.
Work ‘actively’ to discover new findings.
Use of evidence to derive conclusions.
Take responsibility for their own learning through ‘epistemological agency’ (Chinn & Iordanou, 2023) and share their learning with a community of learners.
Use problem-solving and reasoning for complex tasks.
Collaborate, share ideas, and derive solutions with peers.
Historically, inquiry-based learning as a form of active learning was adopted as an overall instructional paradigm in disciplines such as medicine and was closely aligned with problem-based learning (PBL) (Barrows, 1996). Proponents of PBL advocate its use because of its emphasis on the development of skills such as communication, collaboration, and critical thinking (Dring, 2019). Critics of these constructivist approaches to instruction highlight the absence of a structure and any form of instructional guidance (Zhang & Cobern, 2021). Instead, they advocate a more explicit form of instruction such as direct instruction (Zhang, Kirschner, Corben and Sweller, 2022).
The view that a hybrid of IBL coupled with direct instruction is the optimal approach to implementing active learning has been highlighted in the recent academic literature (de Jong et al., 2023). The authors suggest that the selection of direct instruction or active learning strategies, such as IBL, should be guided by the desired outcomes of instruction. If the goal of instruction is the acquisition of more foundational or factual information, direct instruction is the preferred strategy. Conversely, IBL strategies are more appropriate ‘for the promotion of deep understanding and transferrable conceptual understanding of topics that are open-ended or susceptible to misconceptions’ (de Jong et al., 2023 p. 7).
The recommendation to use both direct instruction and approaches like IBL has reframed active learning as an instructional strategy rather than an overarching pedagogical philosophy. Active learning should be viewed as a technique or strategy coupled with direct instructional approaches (de Jong et al., 2023).
Active Learning as an Instructional Strategy
Approaching active learning as an instructional strategy rather than an overarching instructional philosophy helps clarify and address the varying perspectives found in the literature. Zhang et al. (2022) suggested that there is a push to emphasize exploration-based pedagogy. This includes instructional approaches deemed to be predicated on inquiry, discovery, or problem-based approaches. This emphasis has resulted in changes to curricular policies that mandate the incorporation of these instructional philosophies. Zhang et al. (2022) discussed how active learning approaches can be incorporated into science education policy to emphasize ‘inquiry’ approaches, despite adequate evidence for effectiveness. Zhang et al. (2022) stated that the ‘disjoint between policy documents and research evidence is exacerbated by the tendency to ignore categories of research that do not provide the favored research outcomes that support teaching science through inquiry and investigations’ (p. 1162). Instead, Zhang et al. (2022) advocate for direct instruction as the primary mode of instruction in science education with active learning or ‘inquiry’ learning incorporated as a strategy, arguing that conceptual or foundational understanding ‘should not be ‘traded off’ by prioritizing other learning outcomes’ (p. 1172).
In response to Zhang et al. ’s (2022) critique, de Jong et al. (2023) argued that research evidence supports the use of inquiry-based instruction for the acquisition of conceptual understanding in science education. They asserted that both inquiry-based (or active learning approaches) and direct instruction serve specific learning needs. Direct instruction may be superior for foundational or factual learning, while inquiry-based or active learning may be better for conceptual understanding and reinforcement. The conclusion of de Jong et al. ’s (2023) argument suggests the use of a hybrid of direct instruction and active learning techniques, such as inquiry-based designs, depending on the stated learning objectives of the course or the desired outcomes.
This hybrid approach to instructional practice can help ensure that intended learning outcomes are matched with effective instructional strategies. Furthermore, a hybrid approach can help maintain efficiency in learning rather than leaving the acquisition of stated learning outcomes to discovery or happenstance (Slocum & Rolf, 2021). This notion was supported by Nerantzi's (2020) suggestion that ‘students learn best when they are active and immersed in the learning process, when their curiosity is stimulated, when they can ask questions and debate in and outside the classroom, when they are supported in this process and feel part of a learning community’ (p. 187). Emphasis on learner engagement may support the belief that active learning strategies combined with direct instruction may provide an optimal environment for learning. Active learning strategies can be used to reinforce the direct or explicit presentation of concepts and principles (Lapitan Jr, Tiangco, Sumalinog, Sabarillo and Diaz, 2021).
Recently, Zhang (2022) examined the importance of integrating direct instruction with hands-on investigation as an instructional model in high school physics classes. Zhang (2022) determined that ‘students benefit more when they develop a thorough theoretical foundation about science ideas before hands-on investigations’ (p. 111). This supports the earlier research in post-secondary STEM disciplines as reported by Freeman, Eddy, McDonough and Wenderoth (2014), where the authors suggested that active learning strategies help to improve student performance. The authors further predicted that active learning interventions would show more significant learning gains when combined with ‘required exercises that are completed outside of formal class sessions’ (p. 8413).
Active Learning Strategies
Active learning is characterized by activities, tasks, and learner interactions. Several characteristics of active learning have been identified, including interaction, peer learning, and instructor presence (Nerantzi, 2020). Technology affords students learning opportunities to connect pre-, during-, and post-formal learning sessions (Zou & Xie, 2019; Nerantzi, 2020). The interactions or techniques that instructors use help determine the types of interactions and outcomes that will result. Instructors may be ‘present’ or active in the process but may not provide adequate instructional guidance for techniques to be efficient or effective (Cooper, Schinske and Tanner, 2021; Kalyuga, Chandler and Sweller. 2001). To highlight this gap, we first consider the widely used technique of think-pair-share, an active learning strategy first introduced by Lyman (1981). This active learning strategy was introduced to provide all students equitable opportunities to think and discuss ideas with their peers. The steps involved in this technique were recently summarized (Cooper et al., 2021): i) provide a prompt or question to students, (ii) give students a chance to think about the question or prompt independently, (iii) have students share their initial answers/responses with a neighbor in a pair or a small group, and (iv) invite a few groups a chance to share their responses with the whole class.
Instructional guidance outlines the structure and actions associated with a task. This includes identifying the goals and subgoals, and suggesting strategies or algorithms to complete the task (Kalyuga et al., 2001). Employing the strategy of think-pair-sharing requires more instructional guidance than instructors may consider. The title of the strategy foreshadows what students will ‘do’ to complete the activity. However, instructional guidance is essential to help students focus on the outcome, rather than merely enacting the process of the activity. Furthermore, instructional guidance or instructions given to students when employing think-pair-sharing can help make this activity more equitable. Cooper et al. (2021) point out that equity is an important consideration when employing think-pair-share. Often, think-pair-share activities are not equitable during the pair or share portion of the exercise, and can be dominated by more vocal or boisterous students. Instructional guidance can help ensure that the activity is more equitable by providing more explicit instructions on expectations for sharing. For example, the instructions for a think-pair-share activity may include those that require each student to compose and then share ideas on a digital whiteboard or on a slide within a larger shared slide deck. The opportunity for equitable learning must be built into the instructions given to students. Otherwise, the learning experience could be meaningless or lack the contribution of students who are timid or find comfort in a passive role during group learning.
Further considerations for instructional guidance are necessary since we now use various forms of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) to promote active learning strategies. Web conferencing tools, such as Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Google Meet, were used frequently during the height of required remote or hybrid teaching (Ahshan, 2021). Activities that separated students into smaller work groups via breakout rooms or unique discussion threads often included instructions on what students were to accomplish in these smaller collaborative groups. However, the communication of expectations or explicit guidance to help direct students in these groups were often not explicit or were not accessible once the students had been arranged into their isolated workspaces. These active learning exercises would have benefited from clear guidance and instructions on how to ‘call for help’ once separated from the larger group meetings. For example, Li, Xu, He, He, Pribesh, Watson and Major, (2021) described an activity for pair programming that uses zoom breakout rooms. In their description, the authors outlined the steps learners were expected to follow to successfully complete the active learning activity, as well as the mechanisms students used to ask for assistance once isolated from the larger Zoom session that contained the entire class. The description by Li et al. (2021) provided an effective approach to instructional guidance for active learning using Zoom. Often, instructions are verbalized or difficult to refer to once individuals are removed from the general or common room. The lack of explicit instructional guidance in these activities can result in inefficiency (Kalyuga et al., 2001) and often inequity (Cooper et al., 2021).
The final active learning approach considered here was a case study analysis of asynchronous discussion forums. To extend engagement with course content, students were assigned a case study to discuss in a group discussion forum. The group is invited to apply course concepts and respond to questions as they analyze the case and prepare recommendations and a solution (Hartwell et al., 2021). Findings indicate that case study analysis in discussion forums as an active learning strategy “encouraged collaborative learning and contributed to improvement in cognitive learning” (Seethamraju, 2014, p. 9). While this active learning strategy can engage students with course materials to apply these concepts in new situations, it can also result in a high-volume-low-yield set of responses and posts without sufficient instructional guidance and clear expectations for engagement and deliverables. Hartwell, Anderson, Hanlon, and Brown (2021) offer guidance on the effective use of online discussion forums for case study analysis, such as clear expectations for student work in teams (e.g., a team contract), ongoing teamwork support through regular check-ins and assessment criteria, clear timelines and tasks for individual analysis, combined group discussion and cross-case comparison, review of posted solutions, and requirements for clear connections between case analysis and course concepts.
Active Learning & Cognitive Load Theory
In a recent review of current policy and educational standards within STEM disciplines, Zhang et al. (2022) argued that structured instructional approaches such as direct instruction align more closely with cognitive-based learning theories. These theories are better at predicting learning gains and identifying how learning occurs. Cognitive load theory is one such theory based on three main assumptions. First, humans have the capacity to obtain novel information through problem-solving or from other people. Obtaining information from other individuals is more efficient than generating solutions themselves. Second, acquired information is confronted by an individual’s limited capacity to first store information in working memory and then transfer it to unlimited long-term memory for later use. Problem-solving imposes a heavy burden on limited working memory. Thus, learners often rely on the information obtained from others. Finally, information stored in long-term memory can be transferred back to working memory to deal with familiar situations (Sweller, 2020). The recall of information from long-term memory to working memory is not bound by the limits of the initial acquisition of information in working memory (Zhang et al., 2022).
Zhang et al. (2022) state that ‘there never is a justification for engaging in inquiry-based learning or any other pedagogically identical approaches when students need to acquire complex, novel information’ (p. 1170). This is clearly a one-sided argument that focuses on the acquisition of information rather than the application of acquired information. This also presents an obvious issue related to the efficiency of acquiring novel information. However, Zhang et al. (2022) did not argue against the use of active learning or inquiry learning strategies to help reinforce concepts, or the use of the same to support direct instruction.
The combination of active learning strategies with direct instruction can be modified using assumptions of cognitive load, which highlights the need to include instructional guidance with active learning strategies. The inclusion of clear and precise instructions or instructional guidance is critical for effective active learning strategies (Murphy, 2023). As de Jong et al. (2023) suggest, ‘guidance is (initially) needed to make inquiry learning successful' (p.9). We cannot assume that instructional guidance is implied through the name of the activity or can be determined from the previous learning experiences of students. Assumptions lead to ambiguous learning environments that lack instructional guidance, force learners to infer expectations, and rely on prior and/or potentially limited active learning experiences. In the following section, we offer suggestions for improving the use of active learning strategies in online and blended learning environments by adding instructional guidance.
Suggestions for Improving the Use of Active Learning in Online and Blended Courses
The successful implementation of active learning depends on several factors. One of the most critical barriers to the adoption of active learning is student participation. As Finelli et al. (2018) highlighted, students may be reluctant to participate demonstrating behaviors such as, ‘not participating when asked to engage in an in-class activity, distracting other students, performing the required task with minimal effort, complaining, or giving lower course evaluations’ (p. 81). These behaviors are reminiscent of petulant adolescents, often discouraging instructors from implementing active learning in the future. To overcome this, the authors suggested that providing a clear explanation of the purpose of the active learning exercise would help curb resistance to participation. More recently, de Jong et al. (2023) stated a similar perspective that ‘a key issue in interpreting the impact of inquiry-based instruction is the role of guidance’ (p. 5). The inclusion of clear and explicit steps for completing an active learning exercise is a necessary design strategy. This aspect of instructional guidance is relatively easy to achieve with the arrival of generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools used to support instructors. As Crompton and Burke (2024) pointed out in their recent review, ‘ChatGPT can assist teachers in the creation of content, lesson plans, and learning activities’ (p.384). More specifically, Crompton and Burke (2024) suggested that generative AI could be used to provide step-by-step instructions for students. To illustrate this point, we entered the following prompt into the generative AI tool, goblin.tools (https://goblin.tools/) ‘Provide instructions given to students for a carousel activity in a college class.’ The output is shown in Fig. 1. This tool is used to break down tasks into steps, and if needed, it can further break down each step into a more discrete sequence of steps.
Figure 1 . Goblin.tools instructions for carousel active learning exercises.
The omission of explicit steps or direct instructional guidance in an active learning exercise can potentially increase extraneous cognitive load (Klepsch & Seufert, 2020; Sweller, 2020). This pernicious impact on cognitive load is the result of the diversion of one’s limited capacity to reconcile problems (Zhang, 2022). Furthermore, the complexity of active learning within an online or blended course is exacerbated by the inclusion of technologies used for instructional purposes. Instructional guidance should include requisite guidance for tools used in active learning. Again, generative AI tools, such as goblin.tools, may help mitigate the potential burden on cognitive load. For example, the use of webconferencing tools, such as Zoom or Microsoft Teams, has been pervasive in higher education. Anyone who uses these tools can relate to situations in which larger groups are segmented into smaller groups in isolated breakout rooms. Once participant relocation has occurred, there is often confusion regarding the intended purpose or goals of the breakout room. Newer features, such as collaborative whiteboards, exacerbate confusion and the potential for excessive extraneous load. Generative AI instructions (see Figure 2) could be created and offered to mitigate confusion and cognitive load burden.
Figure 2. Zoom collaborative whiteboard instructions produced by goblin.tools
Generative AI has the potential to help outline the steps in active learning exercises. This can be used to minimize confusion and serve as a reference for students. However, instruction alone is often insufficient to make active learning effective. As Finelli et al. (2018) suggest, the inclusion of a rationale for implementing active learning is an effective mechanism to encourage student participation. To this end, we suggest the adoption of what Bereiter (2014) called Principled Practical Knowledge (PPK) which consists of the combination of ‘know-how’ with ‘know why’ (Bereiter, 2014). This perspective develops out of learners’ efforts to solve practical problems. It is a combination of knowledge that extends beyond simply addressing the task at hand. There is an investment of effort to provide a rationale or justification to address the ‘know why’ portion of PPK (Bereiter, 2014). Creating conditions for learners to develop ‘know-how’ is critical when incorporating active learning strategies in online and blended courses. Instructional guidance can reduce ambiguity and extraneous load and can also increase efficiency and potentially equity.
What is typically not included in the instructional guidance offered to students is comprehensive knowledge that outlines the requirements for technology that is often employed in active learning strategies. Ahshan (2021) suggests that technology skill competency is essential for the instructors and learners to implement the activities smoothly. Therefore, knowledge should include the tools employed in active learning. Instructors cannot assume that learners have a universal baseline of technological competency and thus need to be aware of this diversity when providing instructional guidance.
An often-overlooked element of instructional guidance connected to PPK is the ‘know-why’ component. Learners are often prescribed learning tasks without a rationale or justification for their utility. The underlying assumption for implementing active learning strategies is the benefits of collaboration, communication, and collective problem-solving are clear to learners (Dring, 2019; Hartikainen et al., 2019). However, these perceived benefits or rationales are often not provided explicitly to learners; instead, they are implied through use.
When implementing active learning techniques or strategies in a blended or online course one needs to consider not only the ‘know-how,’ but also the ‘know-why.’ Table 1 helps to identify the scope of instructional guidance that should be provided to students.
Table 1. Recommended Type of Instructional Guidance for Active Learning
Know How
Know Why
Activity
Steps
Purpose / Rationale
Technology
Steps
Purpose / Rationale
Outcomes / Products
Completion
Goals
The purpose of providing clear and explicit instructional guidance to learners is to ensure efficiency, equity, and value in incorporating active learning strategies into online and blended learning environments. Along with our argument for “know-why” (Bereiter, 2012), we draw upon Murphy (2023) who highlights the importance of “know-how’ by stating, ‘if students do not understand how a particular learning design helps them arrive at a particular outcome, they tend to be less invested in a course’ (n.p.).
Clear instructional guidance does not diminish the authenticity of various active learning strategies such as problem-based or inquiry-based techniques. In contrast, guidance serves to scaffold the activity and clearly outline learner expectations. Design standards organizations, such as Quality Matters, suggest the inclusion of statements that indicate a plan for how instructors will engage with learners, as well as the requirements for learner engagement in active learning. These statements regarding instructor engagement could be extended to include more transparency in the selection of instructional strategies. Murphy (2023) suggested that instructors should ‘pull back the curtain’ and take a few minutes to share the rationale and research that informs their decision to use strategies such as active learning. Opening a dialogue about the design process with students helps to manage expectations and anxieties that students might have in relation to the ‘What?’, ‘Why?’ and ‘How?’ for the active learning exercises.
Implications for Future Research
We contend that a blend of direct instruction and active learning strategies is optimized by instructional guidance, which provides explicit know-how and know-why for students to engage in learning tasks and activities. The present discussion does not intend to evaluate the utility of active learning as an instructional strategy. The efficacy of active learning is a recurring theme in the academic literature, and the justification for efficacy is largely anecdotal or based on self-reporting data from students (Hartikainen, Rintala, Pylväs and Nokelainen, 2019). Regardless, the process of incorporating active learning strategies with direct instruction appears to be beneficial for learning (Ahshan, 2021; Christie & De Graaff, 2017; Mintzes, 2020), and more likely, the learning experience can be harder to quantify. Our argument relates to the necessary inclusion of instructions and guidance that make the goals of active learning more efficient and effective (de Jong et al., 2023). Scardamalia and Bereiter (2006) stated earlier that knowledge about dominates traditional educational practice. It is the stuff of textbooks, curriculum guidelines, subject-matter tests, and typical school “projects” and “research” papers. Knowledge would be the product of active learning. In contrast, knowledge of, ‘suffers massive neglect’ (p. 101). Knowledge enables learners to do something and allows them to actively participate in an activity. Knowledge comprises both procedural and declarative knowledge. It is activated when the need for it is encountered in the action. Instructional guidance can help facilitate knowledge of, making the use of active learning techniques more efficient and effective.
Research is needed on the impact of instructional guidance on active learning strategies, especially when considering the incorporation of more sophisticated technologies and authentic problems (Rapanta, Botturi, Goodyear, Guardia and Koole 2021; Varvara, Bernardi, Bianchi, Sinjari and Piattelli, 2021). Recently, Lee (2020) examined the impact of instructor engagement on learning outcomes in an online course and determined that increased instructor engagement correlated with enhanced discussion board posts and student performance. A similar examination of the relationship between the instructional guidance provided and student learning outcomes would be a valuable next step. It could offer more explicit guidance and recommendations for the design and use of active learning strategies in online or blended courses.
Conclusion
Education was disrupted out of necessity for at least two years. This experience forced us to examine our practices in online and blended learning, as our sample size for evaluation grew dramatically. The outcome of our analysis is that effective design and inclusion of student engagement and interactions with instructors are critical for quality learning experiences (Rapanta et al., 2021; Sutarto, Sari and Fathurrochman, 2020; Varvara et al., 2021). Active learning appeals to many students (Christie & De Graaff, 2017) and instructors as it can help achieve many of the desired and required outcomes of our courses and programs. Our review and discussion highlighted the need to provide clear and explicit guidance to help minimize cognitive load and guide students through an invaluable learning experience. Further, instructors and designers who include explicit guidance participate in a metacognitive process, while they outline the purpose and sequence of steps required for the completion of active learning exercises. Creating instructions and providing a rationale for the use of active learning in a course gives instructors and designers an opportunity to reflect on the process and ensure that it aligns with the intended purpose or stated goals of the course. This reflective act makes active learning more intentional in use rather than employing it to ensure that students are present within the learning space.
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Authored by:
Jay Loftus
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Instructional Guidance Is Key to Promoting Active Learning in Online and Blended Courses
Instructional Guidance Is Key to Promoting Active Learning in Onlin...
Authored by:
PEDAGOGICAL DESIGN
Tuesday, Dec 3, 2024
Posted on: Spring Conference on Teaching & Learning
PEDAGOGICAL DESIGN
Day 2: May 11th, 9:00 - 4:00 pm
Instructions: Click on the registration link and sign-up for the sessions that you're interested in. After completing your registration you will receive an email with the Zoom link for the session.
Keynote Address
Welcome and Keynote IITeaching for Equity in Treacherous Times9:00 - 9:45 am
Time
Block 1
10:00 - 11:15 am
Implementation of the Student Perceptions of Learning Environments Policy (SPLEP) and Student Perceptions of Learning Survey (SPLS)
Teaching Knowledge Workers of the 21st century
Incorporating equitable pedagogy into your classroom
Turning Your Teaching & Administration Work into Research and Publication Projects
What About Student Voice in Department and Program Level Spaces?
"How Can You Get A Job With That?": Practical Skills for Undergraduate Studio Art Students
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Paper Sessions (25 min. each)
Foster Inclusive Research Opportunities Through A Course-based Undergraduate Research Experience (CURE)
JamBoard: Where Academic and Intellectual Collaboration Meets Creativity
The Power of Education Abroad: Lessons from Sustainable Community Development in Tanzania
Learning Tech Demo (25 min. each)
Beyond Zoom: A Beginner’s Guide to Unlocking the Transformative Potential of Virtual Reality in Education (25 min)
Exploring Perusall and summarizing findings from GEO & ISS courses. (25 min)
Rise: A Tool to Building Interactive Online Courses (25 min)
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Time
Block 2
11:30 - 12:30 pm
Excel accessibility 101
Rethinking Access: Fatigue, Hostility and Intimacy in Teaching and Learning
How to Encourage Student Engagement: Using PearDeck and Interactive Slideshows
Translingual Theory in Action, and in Support of Multilingual Learners
The Happiness Ripple Effect: Exploring the 4 Levels of Happiness and How Educator Happiness Might Impact Student Learning
Hyflex Course Design: Creating Accessible Learning Spaces
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Recognizing Burnout and Mapping Your Stress Response
Learning Tech Demo (20 min each)
NOAA’s Science On a Sphere at the MSU Museum
“That Doesn’t Work For Me!”: Tools for Students with ADHD
Cohort Programs and Student Success at MSU
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Lunch12:30 - 1:30 pm
Time
Block 3
1:30-2:30 pm
A journey of summative assessments
MSUvote and Democratic Engagement at MSU
Finding Your True North: Equitable access to career education through core curriculum integration
Decolonizing the Classroom
Creating a “Friendlier” Syllabus: One that Considers Brain Science and Promotes Student Equity, Belonging, and A Growth Mindset
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Welcome to My Classroom (20 min each)
Designing Against the Hidden Labors of Adult Learning
Teaching English in Chinese way? International Engagement in a Writing Course
Exploring the effects of the flipped classroom approach in an undergraduate lab math course
Teaching GIF animation in pre-service art teacher education courses
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Time
Block 4
2:45 - 3:45 pm
Exploring Inclusive Practices Across the Curriculum: Results from the Inclusive Pedagogy Fellows Program in the College of Arts & Letters at MSU
Incorporating Reflective Practices in Classrooms: Our Learning Assessment Model
Increasing learners' motivation in gender and sexuality study through making activist animation and video game
Teaching Gender in a Global Context: Pedagogy, Practice, and Prospects for Expanding Narratives(Cancelled)
Exploring the Social Change Wheel: Approaches, Tools, and Techniques for Incorporating Community Engaged Teaching and Learning
MSU Libraries: Partners in Student Success
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Welcome to my classroom: COIL
Using H5P to Help Students Learn!
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Keynote Address
Welcome and Keynote IITeaching for Equity in Treacherous Times9:00 - 9:45 am
Time
Block 1
10:00 - 11:15 am
Implementation of the Student Perceptions of Learning Environments Policy (SPLEP) and Student Perceptions of Learning Survey (SPLS)
Teaching Knowledge Workers of the 21st century
Incorporating equitable pedagogy into your classroom
Turning Your Teaching & Administration Work into Research and Publication Projects
What About Student Voice in Department and Program Level Spaces?
"How Can You Get A Job With That?": Practical Skills for Undergraduate Studio Art Students
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Paper Sessions (25 min. each)
Foster Inclusive Research Opportunities Through A Course-based Undergraduate Research Experience (CURE)
JamBoard: Where Academic and Intellectual Collaboration Meets Creativity
The Power of Education Abroad: Lessons from Sustainable Community Development in Tanzania
Learning Tech Demo (25 min. each)
Beyond Zoom: A Beginner’s Guide to Unlocking the Transformative Potential of Virtual Reality in Education (25 min)
Exploring Perusall and summarizing findings from GEO & ISS courses. (25 min)
Rise: A Tool to Building Interactive Online Courses (25 min)
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Time
Block 2
11:30 - 12:30 pm
Excel accessibility 101
Rethinking Access: Fatigue, Hostility and Intimacy in Teaching and Learning
How to Encourage Student Engagement: Using PearDeck and Interactive Slideshows
Translingual Theory in Action, and in Support of Multilingual Learners
The Happiness Ripple Effect: Exploring the 4 Levels of Happiness and How Educator Happiness Might Impact Student Learning
Hyflex Course Design: Creating Accessible Learning Spaces
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Recognizing Burnout and Mapping Your Stress Response
Learning Tech Demo (20 min each)
NOAA’s Science On a Sphere at the MSU Museum
“That Doesn’t Work For Me!”: Tools for Students with ADHD
Cohort Programs and Student Success at MSU
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Lunch12:30 - 1:30 pm
Time
Block 3
1:30-2:30 pm
A journey of summative assessments
MSUvote and Democratic Engagement at MSU
Finding Your True North: Equitable access to career education through core curriculum integration
Decolonizing the Classroom
Creating a “Friendlier” Syllabus: One that Considers Brain Science and Promotes Student Equity, Belonging, and A Growth Mindset
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Welcome to My Classroom (20 min each)
Designing Against the Hidden Labors of Adult Learning
Teaching English in Chinese way? International Engagement in a Writing Course
Exploring the effects of the flipped classroom approach in an undergraduate lab math course
Teaching GIF animation in pre-service art teacher education courses
Click here to view
Click here to view
Time
Block 4
2:45 - 3:45 pm
Exploring Inclusive Practices Across the Curriculum: Results from the Inclusive Pedagogy Fellows Program in the College of Arts & Letters at MSU
Incorporating Reflective Practices in Classrooms: Our Learning Assessment Model
Increasing learners' motivation in gender and sexuality study through making activist animation and video game
Teaching Gender in a Global Context: Pedagogy, Practice, and Prospects for Expanding Narratives(Cancelled)
Exploring the Social Change Wheel: Approaches, Tools, and Techniques for Incorporating Community Engaged Teaching and Learning
MSU Libraries: Partners in Student Success
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Welcome to my classroom: COIL
Using H5P to Help Students Learn!
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Authored by:
Center for Teaching and Learning Innovation
Posted on: Spring Conference on Teaching & Learning
Day 2: May 11th, 9:00 - 4:00 pm
Instructions: Click on the registration link and sign-up for the se...
Authored by:
PEDAGOGICAL DESIGN
Monday, Jun 5, 2023
Posted on: #iteachmsu
NAVIGATING CONTEXT
Resources in Response to the Michigan State University Shooting
Resources in Response to the Michigan State University ShootingThe recent shooting at the Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan, has evoked a range of emotions and concerns of safety across the United States. This shooting occurred on the eve of the 5th year anniversary of the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting and occurred not far from Oxnard High School where a shooting took place in 2021. The close proximity of these other shootings has created additional questions about safety and additional loss and trauma reminders for those communities who have experienced previous mass violence. In response to this event, the National Child Traumatic Stress Network has developed resources to help children, families, and communities navigate what they are seeing and hearing, acknowledge their feelings, and find ways to cope together. These resources include:
College Students: Coping After the Recent Shooting
Coping After Mass Violence
Parent Guidelines for Helping Youth After Mass Violence
Talking to Children about Mass Violence
Talking to Children: When Scary Things Happen (En Espanol)
Psychological Impact of Mass Violence
Helping Teens with Traumatic Grief: Tips for Caregivers (En Español)
Helping School-Age Children with Traumatic Grief: Tips for Caregivers (En Español)
Helping Young Children with Traumatic Grief: Tips for Caregivers (En Español)
After a Crisis: Helping Young Children Heal (En Español)
Age-Related Reactions to a Traumatic Event (En Español)
Once I Was Very Very Scared – children’s book for young children
Tips for Families on Addressing the Anniversary
Creating School Active Shooter/Intruder Drills
I Don’t Know How to Address Worries About My Child’s Safety at School (webinar)
Pause-Reset-Nourish (PRN) to Promote Wellbeing (En Español) (for responders)
Psychological First AidThe NCTSN also has resources for responders on Psychological First Aid (PFA; En Español). PFA is an early intervention to support children, adolescents, adults, and families impacted by these types of events. PFA Mobile and the PFA Wallet Card (En Español) provide a quick reminder of the core actions. The PFA online training course is also available on the NCTSN Learning Center. PFA Handouts include:Additional PFA resources for schools include:
Psychological First Aid for Schools (PFA-S) – Field operations guide
Providing PFA-S: For Health-Related Professionals – handout
Providing PFA-S: For Principals and Administrators – handout
Providing PFA-S: For School Support Staff – handout
Providing PFA-S: For Teachers - handout
From the National Mass Violence and Victimization Resource Center & Partners
Transcend (mobile app to assist with recovery after mass violence)
Rebuild your Community: Resources for Community Leaders
Media Guidelines for Homicide Family Survivors
Timeline of Activities to Promote Mental Health Recovery
Self-Help: Resources for Survivors
E-learning Courses: Trainings for Clinicians
Resources for Victim Assistance Professionals
Emergency Management Virtual Toolkit for Institutions for Higher Education
Disaster HelplineSAMHSA has a Disaster Distress Helpline – call or text 1-800-985-5990 (for Spanish, press “2”) to be connected to a trained counselor 24/7/365.Additional ResourcesFor those that are needing technical assistance or additional resources, please don’t hesitate to contact Dr. Melissa Brymer at mbrymer@mednet.ucla.edu.
College Students: Coping After the Recent Shooting
Coping After Mass Violence
Parent Guidelines for Helping Youth After Mass Violence
Talking to Children about Mass Violence
Talking to Children: When Scary Things Happen (En Espanol)
Psychological Impact of Mass Violence
Helping Teens with Traumatic Grief: Tips for Caregivers (En Español)
Helping School-Age Children with Traumatic Grief: Tips for Caregivers (En Español)
Helping Young Children with Traumatic Grief: Tips for Caregivers (En Español)
After a Crisis: Helping Young Children Heal (En Español)
Age-Related Reactions to a Traumatic Event (En Español)
Once I Was Very Very Scared – children’s book for young children
Tips for Families on Addressing the Anniversary
Creating School Active Shooter/Intruder Drills
I Don’t Know How to Address Worries About My Child’s Safety at School (webinar)
Pause-Reset-Nourish (PRN) to Promote Wellbeing (En Español) (for responders)
Psychological First AidThe NCTSN also has resources for responders on Psychological First Aid (PFA; En Español). PFA is an early intervention to support children, adolescents, adults, and families impacted by these types of events. PFA Mobile and the PFA Wallet Card (En Español) provide a quick reminder of the core actions. The PFA online training course is also available on the NCTSN Learning Center. PFA Handouts include:Additional PFA resources for schools include:
Psychological First Aid for Schools (PFA-S) – Field operations guide
Providing PFA-S: For Health-Related Professionals – handout
Providing PFA-S: For Principals and Administrators – handout
Providing PFA-S: For School Support Staff – handout
Providing PFA-S: For Teachers - handout
From the National Mass Violence and Victimization Resource Center & Partners
Transcend (mobile app to assist with recovery after mass violence)
Rebuild your Community: Resources for Community Leaders
Media Guidelines for Homicide Family Survivors
Timeline of Activities to Promote Mental Health Recovery
Self-Help: Resources for Survivors
E-learning Courses: Trainings for Clinicians
Resources for Victim Assistance Professionals
Emergency Management Virtual Toolkit for Institutions for Higher Education
Disaster HelplineSAMHSA has a Disaster Distress Helpline – call or text 1-800-985-5990 (for Spanish, press “2”) to be connected to a trained counselor 24/7/365.Additional ResourcesFor those that are needing technical assistance or additional resources, please don’t hesitate to contact Dr. Melissa Brymer at mbrymer@mednet.ucla.edu.
Authored by:
National Child Traumatic Stress Network
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Resources in Response to the Michigan State University Shooting
Resources in Response to the Michigan State University ShootingThe ...
Authored by:
NAVIGATING CONTEXT
Monday, Feb 20, 2023