We found 9 results that contain "ethnicity"

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, Michigan State University, like many universities, closed its on-campus offerings and hastily moved to remote learning in March 2020. In addition to moving all classes online, students were asked to leave on-campus housing if possible. As COVID-19 cases continued to increase through the summer, plans to reopen in the fall were halted and most institutions announced they would continue offering instruction through remote learning. At the start of the spring 2020 semester, we collected data from MSU students enrolled in introductory economics courses about their grade expectations and views of economics as a major. In order to understand how students responded to the disruption generated by the pandemic, we began collecting additional data about the direct effects of the pandemic on their learning environment, including changes to living arrangements, internet access, studying behavior, and general well-being. Survey data were collected at the beginning and end of the spring, summer, and fall terms of 2020. Supplementing this survey data with administrative data on demographic characteristics and actual grade outcomes, we investigate how the pandemic affects students and how students' final grades in their economics course relate to their responses to the pandemic and virtual learning. We find the effects vary with student background characteristics (including race, gender, GPA, and first-generation college status) and final grades are related to internet connectivity, stress, and anxiety. These unique data allow us to provide a descriptive analysis of students' reactions to an unprecedented disruption to their educational environment.

To access a PDF of the "Learning in the Time of COVID-19" poster, click here.Description of the Poster 
Learning in the Time of COVID-19 
Andrea Chambers, Stacy Dickert-Conlin, Steven J. Haider, and Scott A. Imberman 
Introduction 
This study provides a snapshot of how students were experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic in the month following the abrupt shift to online instruction and how students have adapted to the experience of remote learning more long term. It contributes to the concerns that the mental well-being and academic performance of students has been affected by the coronavirus pandemic. 
Research Questions 


What demographic and academic factors are associated with student responses to questions about internet access, ability to focus, feelings of anxiety, and their financial situation? 


How are students’ final grades in their economics course related to their responses to the pandemic and virtual learning? 


Methodology 

Surveyed students enrolled in introductory economics courses from one large, public research university during three semesters (Spring, Summer, and Fall) of 2020. 
Students completed surveys at the beginning and end of the semester. 
Supplemented these data with administrative data on demographic characteristics and actual grade outcomes. 
Conducted multiple regression analyses of student characteristics on student perceptions and final semester grades. 

Survey 
The Two Surveys: 

Initial Survey – General information and grade students expected to earn in the class 
Final Survey – Students’ reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic and remote learning  

Response Rate: 


Of the 6,665 eligible students, 3,445 students (52%) answered at least one of the COVID-related questions. 


COVID-Related Statements: 


My internet connectivity is sufficient to complete my economics coursework. 


My final grade in my economics course will be unaffected. 


My overall semester GPA will be unaffected. 


My time available for studying has increased. 


My ability to focus on my studies has declined. 


My anxiety about my studies has increased. 


My financial situation has worsened.  


Sample Descriptives 


Female: 47.3%, Male: 52.7% 




White: 71.5%, Black: 4.2%, Hispanic/Latinx: 4.7%, Asian: 6.6%, 2 or more Races: 2.7%, Other or Not Reported: 1.5%, International: 8.7% 


1st Year at MSU: 37.5%, 2nd year at MSU: 38.5%, 3rd Year at MSU: 16.5%, 4th Year or Later at MSU: 7.6% 


First-Generation College Student: 18.5% 


Results 
Image: A stacked bar chart detailing the percent of students who strongly agree and agreed with each COVID-related statement on displayed on top of the percent of students who strongly disagreed, disagreed, or neither agreed nor disagreed with each COVID-related statement. 
Title: Figure 1. Responses to COVID-Related Questions for Spring, Summer, and Fall 2020 
Details of image: 

My internet connectivity is sufficient: 83.3% strongly agree/agree and 16.7% strongly disagreed/disagreed/either agreed nor disagreed. 
My econ course final grade will be unaffected: 36.0% strongly agree/agree and 64.1% strongly disagreed/disagreed/either agreed nor disagreed. 
My overall semester GPA will be unaffected: 31.2% strongly agree/agree and 68.8% strongly disagreed/disagreed/either agreed nor disagreed. 
My time available for studying has increased: 46.9% strongly agree/agree and 53.1% strongly disagreed/disagreed/either agreed nor disagreed. 
My ability to focus on my studies has declined: 69.0% strongly agree/agree and 31.0% strongly disagreed/disagreed/either agreed nor disagreed. 
My anxiety about my studies has increased: 74.0% strongly agree/agree and 26.0% strongly disagreed/disagreed/either agreed nor disagreed. 
My financial situation has worsened: 36.3% strongly agree/agree and 63.7% strongly disagreed/disagreed/either agreed nor disagreed. 

Research Question 1: What demographic and academic factors are associated with student responses to questions about internet access, ability to focus, feelings of anxiety, and their financial situation? 
Empirical Strategy: where  is an indicator for whether the student agrees or strongly agrees with the statement. 
Ability to Focus 


April 2020: 83% of students report their ability to focus on their studies has declined.  


December 2020: 61.5% of students state feeling their ability to focus has declined.  


During the initial reaction to the pandemic and remote instruction, we do not see statistically significant differences across student characteristics such as gender, race/ethnicity, or first-generation college status. However, when we look at the continued response in the summer and fall semesters, female students are more likely to state their ability to focus on their studies has declined relative to their male peers by 9 percentage points. 


Anxiety about Studies 


Over 70% of students in the sample report an increase in anxiety about their studies in April 2020 and through Summer and Fall 2020. 




Female students are more likely to report an increase in anxiety relative to their male peers of around 8 percentage points in the Spring 2020 and 16 percentage points during Summer and Fall 2020.  


Financial Situation  


April 2020: 48.6% state that their financial situation has worsened. 


This condition was felt more by first-generation college students, women, and lower performing students compared to their respective peers.  


December 2020: 30% state their financial situation has worsened and first-generation college students during Summer and Fall 2020 are still more likely to experience a worsened condition. 


Research Question 2: How are students’ final grades in their economics course related to their responses to the pandemic and virtual learning? 
Empirical Strategy: 
where is a vector of COVID-related questions and  are the student background characteristics, year in college, GPA, and expected grade at the start of the semester. 


Internet Connectivity: Students who did not have sufficient internet connection earned lower final grades.  


COVID-Related Stress: In April 2020, students who strongly agree their ability to focus has decreased and students across all semesters who strongly agree their anxiety has increased earned lower final grades.  


Financial: Students who state their financial situation has worsened earned lower final grades in the summer and fall semesters. 


Discussion & Conclusions 


As many students in this study report feeling their ability to focus has declined and anxiety has increased, findings suggest women, first-generation college students, and lower performing students may be particularly vulnerable to these feelings and experiences.  


Survey results suggest financial situations worsened for first-generation college students, which could lead to food or housing insecurity for these students, issues which could lead to increased stress and anxiety, lower grades, and possibly prevent students from persisting in higher education.  


Requiring access to instruction via online learning has showcased the need for quality internet access. 




The coronavirus pandemic has raised a lot of questions about the future of online education, it is important to keep in mind the ways in which students are impacted by such a move.