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Writing Centers and Access: A Disability Justice Speaker Series" brings together the fields of composition, writing center studies, and disability studies to ask (and begin the process of answering) the question: How do writing centers engage the process of disability justice? Featuring world-renown disability studies scholars, the series seeks to generate conversation and provide community to teachers of writing, to writers, to writing center professionals, and to communities both on our campuses and beyond about the ways in which disability affects writers, writing, and higher education. The series is hosted by The Writing Center at MSU through the hard work of their Accessibility Committee, under the supervision of Dr. Karen Moroski-Rigney.
Jay Dolmage

Bio: I am committed to disability rights in my scholarship, service, and teaching. My work brings together rhetoric, writing, disability studies, and critical pedagogy. My first book, entitled Disability Rhetoric, was published with Syracuse University Press in 2014. Academic Ableism: Disability and Higher Education was published with Michigan University Press in 2017 and is available in an open-access version online. Disabled Upon Arrival: Eugenics, Immigration, and the Construction of Race and Disability was published in 2018 with Ohio State University Press. I am the Founding Editor of the Canadian Journal of Disability Studies. 
 
Title: Ableism, Access, and Inclusion: Disability in Higher Education Before, During and After Covid-19*
While the recording for Jay's presentation is unavailable, the Writing Center at Michigan State University has shared the recording of their staff meeting, where Jay was a guest.

To learn more about The Writing Center at MSU, to learn more about featuring accessible composing in your assignments or courses, or to connect with Writing Center resources or services, contact Associate Director Dr. Karen Morosk-Rigney at moroskik@msu.edu.

As we contemplate re-entering the classroom, we are likely still grappling with our own reactions to this tragic event. At the same time, many of us are wondering how best to support students experiencing grief, trauma, and fear in the aftermath of violence. There is no perfect way to teach during a crisis, but it is important to explicitly acknowledge what has happened and adjust your teaching accordingly. How you adjust will depend on your relationships to students, the size and nature of your class, and the types of interventions you feel equipped to make. These might range from a simple moment of silence and a reduced workload to a more structured debrief and discussion. Specific pointers for such debriefs are offered by trauma therapist Carolyn Schuyler (LCSW, UVA Visiting Scholar) below, along with general strategies for signalizing compassion and care that are relevant for all of us.




While it is necessary to acknowledge the tragic gun violence and the devastating loss of classmates and to create space for connecting with the emotions and needs of students, we recognize not everyone feels equipped for this work or is inclined to go there for a variety of reasons. We hope this information provides enough suggestions to help you arrive at an approach that works for you.
To guide your decisions, consider asking for quick feedback from your students. Being prepared to meet students where they are is worth the time and thought. Points to consider:

In times of turmoil, predictability and structure are vitally important. Students will benefit from the structure and predictability you provide.
Sharing feelings and discussing the tragic events may be too overwhelming for some students, so it is important to make clear students have choice in how they participate. Opting out is perfectly acceptable. Welcome and invite direct feedback.
It may be wise to send an email to your students to let them know what to expect when they return to class. This Google Folder contains a "Post-crisis student feedback form" is one way to get a read on your students’ needs before sending a proposed class agenda. You may make clear that the plan is subject to change based on the evolving input and needs of the class.

This document outlines how you can make a copy of the form and customize for your setting. 
please make sure you are logged into your MSU google drive to access.


You may be concerned students will be overwhelmed if every class includes processing, but it is better to err on the side of providing support than to overlook student needs. This is such a significant event. It is important to acknowledge the event at minimum even if others will do the same.

Below you will find a suggestion for the first class back and a list of alternative approaches for acknowledging the tragic event. All suggestions may be adapted for office hour meetings or for classes.
First Class Back: Normalize Feelings
It is natural to experience a wide range of fluctuating emotions in response to the events of the last few days. Some students may present as highly emotional and distressed, while others may appear shut down and numb. Many will question why they are not feeling strong emotion at all. Normalizing all reactions paves the way for open sharing and the healing power of community.
In greeting students when they come back to class, you might begin by naming and honoring those students lost by stating their names slowly with reverence.
"In honor of the beloved students we lost on Monday, I would like to take a moment to say their names. Please join me in honoring them and their loved ones. Brian Fraser, Alexandria Verner, Arielle Anderson" (Read the names slowly or invite a student to do so.)
After allowing for a moment of silence, briefly share how you have been processing the news. This gives permission for the students to reflect on their own experiences and shows that you have their needs in mind.
"I have been holding all of you in my thoughts in the last few days. I notice that I have deep concern about the rise of gun violence and its cost for your generation, and I find myself reflecting on how it may be impacting your worldview."
Secondly, take a moment to validate and normalize feelings. Make explicit your understanding of the wide range of reactions students may be experiencing.
"Whatever you are feeling, you can be sure you are not alone in that experience. There are others who are traveling this path right along with you. We can expect a range of reactions from outrage to anxiety to numbness. You may feel a wide range of feelings at different points and in different contexts. To process this experience, it is vital to connect with others and seek support as needed."
After this introduction, you may give the students the option for a 1) quiet moment of reflection or 2) time to journal for five minutes. Suggest a clear prompt such as: "I am _____."  This sentence stem gives permission to go in any direction while centering the writing on the self.
Following the reflection time or journal writing, ask a few volunteers to read excerpts of their work or to share their thoughts. In large classes, you may invite students to share with a partner. Ask that comments not be made after reading or listening to each other, but rather suggest that gratitude be expressed for the opportunity to connect. 
"Thank you for the gift of your words."
To wrap up the experience, speak to the power of sharing our stories to build strong networks of social support. Mention your hope that students will continue to share deeply with each other.
"Our ability to speak to our experience connects us in meaningful ways. Knowing and caring for each other is what makes healing possible."
Our job is simple but profound. It is to be present with what students are experiencing with genuine openness, concern, and curiosity. To do this, we may take a moment to ground ourselves and set an intention to be relaxed and open in our demeanor. There is deep cultural conditioning to try to move away from distress, but it is the ability to stay with feelings without judgment or agenda that offers the strongest emotional support.
To do this work, it is vital to have had the space and time to honor and attend to your own needs. Have you had the time to have your own voice heard?  Have you given yourself the rest, nourishment, and space for the internal reflection you need in order to be present for others?
Additional Ways to Support Students
The shared purpose of all the strategies below is to honor the students’ emotional experience, provide a holding space for connecting on a deep level, and invite hope for moving forward. Gestures of connection and care restore a sense of safety and allow for a renewed sense of community to emerge.
Offer nurturance. Often the first step in assisting people in crisis is to offer a blanket, some water, and food to eat. While this is not the response called for in our circumstance, the ability to offer gestures of support and care for one another is essential. You might bring tea or coffee to class, flowers to share with each student, or an invitation for a meal at your home. Once the basic need for nurturance is met, healing truly begins. If none of these concrete suggestions fit, consider taking a moment to directly express you care for the students.
"I want to take a moment to say to you directly that I care deeply about what you have experienced since Monday evening. I have found myself imagining what your days have been like with a hope that you are finding the kindness, gentleness, and care we all need right now.  I am hoping that you can feel this from me even though we don’t have adequate space and time to do all that is truly called for in this circumstance."
Name the feelings. Ask students to call out the feeling words and phrases that match their experience of the last few days. 
“I want to honor each one of you and the experiences you have had in the last few days. To do that, I am going to ask you to share words or short phrases (popcorn style) that capture your feelings. Likely, you have had a wide range of emotional reactions, and I invite you to name them in all their complexity. I will be recording the words without comment on the white board*. I ask that we speak and listen to the words with a spirit of reverence for our shared humanity, recognizing the broad range of histories and experiences that inform our reactions. Once the words and phrases are up, we will take a moment of silence to acknowledge our variety of experience.”*In virtual spaces, a similar outcome can be acheived by using a chat water fall (prompting participants to share their words in the chat at the same time [countt down]) and pulling responses into a word cloud to visualize. 
When the brainstorm is complete, validate the full range of human emotions that arise in times of tragedy. If the words and phrases shared do not capture a full range of emotion, you may mention to students some of the internal experiences that are expected in times of distress.
"I’d like to share with you some of the additional experiences you may notice in yourself and your friends. It is expected that you may have difficulty concentrating. You may experience waves of anger, sadness, fear, and anxiety. Some of you may notice a strong sense of compassion and tenderness and a desire to connect with others to honor the deceased or make your voice heard by lawmakers. At times, you may also notice a sense of disorientation and unease given the violent disruption of life on our campus. You may also notice painful associations from earlier in your life. Some of you may feel a need to 'move on' or a sense of unease with the feeling that violence has become expected and, in some ways, normalized."
To transition the conversation, take a moment to acknowledge their willingness to share.
"I want to thank you for your willingness to share the truth of your experience. I am now inviting all of us to take two minutes in silence to honor one another, the larger community, and those most impacted by the tragic loss on Monday. If you would like to reflect in writing, drawing, or movement, please feel free to do that."
If it feels right, you may move towards brainstorming ways of coping that promote mental wellness. 
"There is wisdom in this room. This is not the first hardship you have faced, although it may feel very different. Many of you have found ways of coping and even thriving through challenging times. I want to invite a period of sharing concrete mindsets and strategies that are in your toolboxes or that you feel the need to create now. I will record the ideas on the white board. You’ll be invited to take a picture of the white board for further reflection. Sometimes we need a chance to reflect on unhelpful approaches that we want to discontinue and space to consider new strategies. I hope this time will give you that opportunity."
Again, thank the students.
Affirm community. Ask students how they want to affirm community at MSU in the days ahead.
"At some point in our processing of the events of the last few days, we may start to wonder what we can actually do that will be meaningful and genuinely helpful. Without a doubt, cultivating a strong sense of community is powerfully important. We are social beings and healing happens together, never alone. I want to invite you to reflect on what you believe builds community in your own life and on campus. Please find two other classmates to spend five minutes discussing what builds connectedness in this time and beyond. For example, you might point to the importance of slowing down to greet people when walking or having longer, leisurely meals with friends to intentionally check in with each other. You may have larger ideas having to do, for example, with how spaces are configured or how information is communicated. Once we have had time to talk in small groups, we will reconvene for idea sharing."
Please note: You may broaden this discussion to suggest reflection on actions on a societal level. This will open discourse on our political climate, on race, and other critical issues that students may have a pressing need to discuss. If you go this direction, it is critical to set ground rules (Agreements for Multicultural Interactions) or review already established expectations for difficult conversations.
Seek connection. Ask students to interview each other about works of art and literature (books, paintings, poems, music, and films) that have helped them in hard times before.
"Artists, musicians, writers, and poets have always been guides and supports in deepening our understanding of what it means to be human, particularly in times of suffering.  As a means of coming together as a class today, I would like to invite you to gather in groups of three to discuss the art and literature that has been most nourishing to you. Please reflect on what it may mean to you now. To set the stage, I would like to briefly share with you (a piece of music, a painting, a short reading) that has been meaningful to me. I hope it will be of support to you as well."
Encourage students to plan times outside of class to share these sources of meaning and inspiration with each other. Remind them of the power of nature on campus to offer solace.
"Thank you for taking the time to share with each other the power of your experiences with art and literature. I encourage you to continue having these discussions and invite you to seek out new sources of beauty, wisdom, and understanding. The natural world on our campus, like a piece of art, may serve as a source of solace and strength as well. I hope you will have time to linger in spaces you enjoy."
Thank you again for your thoughtful work preparing to meet with students. As is often the case, your presence and genuine concern will be what the students remember, rather than the actual words spoken. Gratitude to our colleagues at UVA Center for Teaching Excellence for sharing the foundations of this resource. 

This post provides an overview of intersectionality as part of the Inclusive Pedagogy playlist.
Intersectionality acknowledges that folks’ identities are multi-faceted and interconnected, influencing their experiences and interactions. Intersectionality is a framework to consider the ways that groups and individuals have unique combinations of privilege and discrimination. Within this, society has interlocking and overlapping systems of oppression. These systems create our institutions, which include education, banking, criminal justice and law, state welfare, media, housing, etc. (Kendall). Then, each of these systems not only interlock and overlap, but they create obstacles, harm, and oppression for anyone who does not have societally privileged identities (white, straight, cisgender, abled-bodied and able-minded, high socioeconomic status, thin body size, etc.). All identities (e.g., race, nationality, language use, gender, sexuality, religion, class, immigration status, trauma survivorship, etc.) are contextually specific to a place and time. These identities cannot be separated at that individual level. For instance, Crenshaw discusses how intersectionality helps to “account for multiple grounds of identity when considering how the social world is constructed” (1245). In other words, each identity interplays with one another to where they can’t be disentangled, such as a Black woman’s experiences may be an interplay of racism and sexism called misogynoir.
In considering these identity and institutional dimensions, there are many visual iterations of identities (Cabiness-Atkinson). The Northcentral University Diversity Wheel illustrates the various components of identity that are personal to self, such as gender, age, race, etc., to those that are developed by social influences and life as well as how that is affected by positionalities within institutions. 
As educators, we must consider our own intersectional identities and how those interact with the systems of oppression and its institutions. To model this inclusive and intersectional pedagogy, it is recommended to (revised and adapted from Case 9): 

Reflect and unpack on your own identities and biases and how that may “alter lived experiences of prejudice and discrimination, privilege and opportunities, and perspectives from particular social locations.” One way is to attend MSU’s Implicit Bias Certification course. Another avenue to reflect and unpack would be to engage with the University of Illinois' compilation of activities to raise awareness of biases.
Continue to unlearn and learn and continually strive to learn more about identities, privilege, and inclusive pedagogy. Some initial and/or continuing resources include Boston University’s Self-Guided Diversity and Inclusion Learning Toolkits.
Foster learner reflection and agency for their own un/learning. Some strategies for this are included later in this series’ Classroom Activities article.
Incorporate diverse social identities typically neglected in course curriculum, interdisciplinary ways of thinking, multiple pathways for learners, and an asset-based approach for thinking about learners.

In addition to the above, the next articles will continue to offer ways to become more inclusive and intersectional in education. 
Continue to read more about inclusive pedagogy in the next article, “Unpacking Problematic Language” or return to the Inclusive Pedagogy playlist.

The first 48 minutes the professor spoke only in Telefolmin, a language from a remote tribe in Papua New Guinea, says Jay Loftus, curriculum development specialist who shared the story of his own experience as an undergraduate student listening to a lecture on defining culture from a professor of Anthropology. “He wouldn’t respond to questions in English, and he ignored pleas from the class to ‘explain’ what he was doing. He drew pictures on the board to try to explain things to the puzzled audience and pointed at people and objects to help us make sense of what was going on. During the last minute of the class, the professor said something to the effect that it must be disturbing not knowing the language or the culture of your surroundings.”
Such an experience is an almost perfect inversion of the inclusivity practices MSU faculty strive for. MSU’s inclusion ideal is wide-ranging; inclusion isn’t limited to identity or history, but the multi-dimensional layers that create unique individuals. Pedagogy isn’t written with formulas and checkboxes to ensure we’ve covered every facet of human experience. Inclusion is awareness of what we know and acknowledgement of what we don’t know. It’s the human side of the work, that when done well still has the risk of causing unintentional harm, and when ignored can impede a learner’s progress and ultimately student success. 
The Digital Pedagogy Lab (DPL) stresses the role that intentionality can play in mitigating negative impacts and empowering groups of learners often neglected by traditional approaches. The course Inclusive Design and Design Justice in Practice within the DPL uses the description, "Inclusive design is intentional and iterative design work aimed at supporting a range of human diversity. In education, inclusive design focuses on the creation of learning spaces and materials that support diverse learners and that help to counteract biased and exclusionary designs that pervade education.”
Those looking to center inclusivity in their pedagogy are not alone — a host of resources exists at the university to enable educators to bolster their inclusivity practices.
In the Classroom
“Every single person has their own lived experiences and truths that can be used to teach others,” said Jackie Heyman, director of the MSU Dialogues course. Student videos produced during an Integrative Studies in Social Science course highlight a few such perspectives. The “Free My Brothers” video by MSU student Naomi Johnson shares insights into the system of race and class that impact her family and many others. Dailin “James” Song provides a glimpse into “Garbage Sorting Guangzhou, China” and the change that resulted to the surrounding community. Anna Forest’s video entitled “The Blind Leading the Blind” discussed a world that so few people experience while educating them to better engage with the visually impaired population. 
A shift in focus to digital accessibility and the move to captions for video, as well as digital artifacts that can be read with a screen reader, has seen improved comprehension in overall classroom performance when made available to the entire class. As educators, there are expansive resources and ideas to implement in the classroom. Below are a few examples followed by a long list of additional resources.

Start with the “Cultural Embeddedness in Learning” assignment, recommended Dave Goodrich. This assignment pairs students with someone they do not know to interview each other using the StoryCorps app on their phones and a pre-selected set of questions. They tend to find the assignment helpful for building an inclusive community of learning together in the class early on. When we first ran it, we didn’t have it at the beginning of class which we quickly learned was a much better place for it. 
Use an intergroup dialogue model of sharing and learning to help students connect. 
Consider authors and researchers used in the curriculum to offer a variety of identities that may relate to students in different ways.
Bring DEI to the forefront in a project-based way, using technology to create a visual digital story. Eddie Boucher, Assistant Professor in the Center for Integrative Studies in Social Sciences and Hub Faculty Fellow, designed classes to complement the conversations and experiences 18-20-year-olds are already having, and to incorporate integrative studies and DEI into those experiences. 
Consider using open-format for final assessments. In Ellie Louson’s HPS classes at Lyman Briggs College, MSU, students can choose to write a standard paper or select from a variety of other formats: podcast, photo display, video, painting, presentation, or any other creative format where they can apply themes from the class and demonstrate what they’ve learned. In her experience, students enjoy and are more engaged by these projects, they’re more comfortable working in their preferred format, and they describe feeling much less pressure at the end of the term.

Resources

Academic Advancement Network resources on accessibility  
MSU Technology accessibility site 
Accessible Learning Conference 
Office of Inclusion and Intercultural Initiatives Anti-Racist Pathway resources 
MSU Hub for Innovation in Learning and Technology Medium blog
General Education with a Twist article 
Student films from their perspectives 
#iteachmsu Commons articles

LEAD - Digital Access & Inclusion, a compilation of MSU policy and resources by Nate Evans 
Keeping Identity In Mind: A Teaching and Learning Story, playlist of articles by Maddie Shellgren 
Cultivating Inclusive Classrooms: Inclusive Curriculum Design, article by Melissa McDaniels 
Seven Tips Toward Linguistic Inclusion: article by Maddie Shellgren 
Accessibility Considerations in Remote Teaching, playlist posted by Makena Neal


NATIONAL




Learning for Change - We provide free resources to educators—teachers, administrators, counselors, and other practitioners. Educators use our materials to supplement the curriculum, to inform their practices, and to create inclusive school communities where children and youth are respected, valued, and welcome participants. 
SEISMIC - sustained multi-institutional, multi-disciplinary STEM education research and development collaboration. This collaboration is motivated by a clear-eyed, openly stated focus on equity and inclusion in large foundational courses as the central goal of the reform process, harnessing a higher level of collective passion from the students, faculty, staff, and administrators who participate. We will help to define a new standard for STEM reform projects: a class cannot be successful unless it is equitable and inclusive. 
NCFDD - National Center for Faculty Development & Diversity: an independent professional development, training, and mentoring community for faculty members, postdocs, and graduate students. We are 100% dedicated to supporting academics in making successful transitions throughout their careers. MSU has institutional access to the NCFDD that is available to educators. Learn more at AAN.

This week, we are featuring Hui-Ling Malone, Assistant Professor of English Education.  Dr. Malone was recognized via iteach.msu.edu's Thank and Educator Initiative! We encourage MSU community members to nominate high-impact Spartan educators (via our Thank an Educator form) regularly!
Read more about Hui-Ling’s perspectives below. #iteachmsu's questions are bolded below, followed by their responses!

You were recognized via the Thank an Educator Initiative. In one word, what does being an educator mean to you? 
Connection. 
Share with me what this word/quality looks like in your practice?
At the end of the day teaching is about sharing with each other, learning from one another and seeing ourselves in others. It is about creating a community willing to engage in content that helps us think deeply about the world around us. It is the willingness to be vulnerable, which as Brene Brown helped us understand, creates connection. 
Have your ideas on this changed over time? if so how?
I’ve taught in several communities that ranged in different age groups, racial backgrounds, socio economic status, religion, language, etc. I’ve learned that teaching is deeply relational, and one does not learn and grow in an environment where they don’t feel safe enough to take risks and thrive.
Tell me more about your educational “setting.” This can include, but not limited to departmental affiliations, community connections, co-instructors, and students. (Aka, where do you work?)
I am a Visiting English Education professor in the English Department. Most of my students plan on being secondary English teachers. It’s exciting and a great privilege to teach the next generation that will teach the next generation! :) I also include community members such as activists, artists, and young leaders to visit and co-teach my class. As a teacher educator, I want my students to know that they are not alone in their pursuit of educational equity and encourage them to build with others outside of their classrooms.
What is a challenge you experience in your educator role?
Throughout this pandemic many of my students have encountered personal challenges, such as loss, illness and maintaining their emotional and mental wellness. 
Any particular “solutions” or “best practices” you’ve found that help you support student success at the university despite/in the face of this?
I encourage my students to communicate with me when they need additional support. I also allow students to zoom in, as some are immunocompromised or want to protect the elderly and vulnerable who are in their close circle. I think this pandemic has taught me to be flexible and to remain as inclusive as possible for all my students.
What are practices you utilize that help you feel successful as an educator?
As much as possible, I try to maintain my own personal health and wellness. I practice self care so that I am in a place to show up for my students. I value communication, transparency and make an effort to create a classroom environment where everyone feels valued, safe and excited to participate! Also, I don’t lecture. It’s never been my style. As much as possible, I provide opportunities for students to teach each other and activities that are experiential and prime for reflection and connection.
What topics or ideas about teaching and learning would you like to see discussed on the iteach.msu.edu platform? Why do you think this conversation is needed at msu? 
I’m relatively new to MSU (I started as faculty in Fall 2020) and understand that there are so many incredible educators who are doing great work. Unfortunately, due to the nature of our work and the pandemic, I’ve been a bit isolated. I’d love for this page to showcase the work educators are doing to learn and connect with others across campus. 
I also know that there is so much going on in the world and see that it is important for us to engage in difficult but necessary conversations around race, identity, the political climate, etc. Perhaps there can be a space to showcase what conversations our classrooms are having and how they can be productive.
What are you looking forward to (or excited to be a part of) next semester?
I’m excited to keep learning from and building with my colleagues and students!

Don't forget to celebrate individuals you see making a difference in teaching, learning, or student success at MSU with #iteachmsu's Thank an Educator initiative. You might just see them appear in the next feature!

 
 

 
According to the Residential College of Arts and Humanities (RCAH), "India Plough joined the RCAH in 2012. She teaches Language and Culture and is the director of the RCAH Language Proficiency Program. Her research interests and publications are in the areas of second language acquisition, language instruction, and test development and validation. India returns to her alma mater after almost 15 years during which time she worked in a variety of contexts from secondary and post-secondary institutions to the non-profit, foundation sector. In addition to giving invited talks in Peru and Greece, India has worked with students, teachers, and administrators in Brazil, China, Greece, Japan, Peru, South Africa, and the U.S. on collaborative projects including learner assessment, teacher training, and program development."
 
Dr. Plough has made a great impacts on the MSU community as an educator. Here's what four Spartans had to say about her: 

"The mission statement of MSU's Residential College in the Arts and Humanities states that "Through interdisciplinary study, imagination, and community partnerships, RCAH inspires and prepares graduates to be collaborative learners and visionary change-makers." I am forever thankful to India because that's precisely what she has done for me and the other graduate students in the interdisciplinary program she oversees. She has inspired and prepared us because she doesn't just deliver content or give orders. Instead, she provokes curiosities, encourages, provides resources, and listens. The consistency between what she says, her teaching, her research and how she treats people is something I aspire to emulate as a future faculty. ¡Muchas gracias, India!"
"I am thankful to India for always thinking for our graduate student language fellows' interests, for going out of her way to ensure our wellness and growth professionally and personally, for modeling positive attitudes, work ethics, and how to treat others with kindness and dignity, and for encouraging and acknowledging our contributions to the CLAC program."
"Professor Plough has been running the ILO program in RCAH. As a graduate fellow, I have to admit that her commitment to leading, energizing, and promoting the program is impressive. She is the kind of professor who carefully listens to people who work with her. Her leadership and teaching approach is unique by which ILO has successfully been running for many year." 
"Dr. Plough hired me to work in her CLAC program as a French language fellow in RCAH. Because of this and her leadership in the program, I am part of a dynamic, passionate team where we share and learn about collaborative, engaged teaching practices, as well as many thoughts and opinions. I have been able to grow so much in my teaching and as an intellectual because of this experience and the atmosphere and ambience she instills in this space. I have met other graduate students she has also hired on the team whom I call friends and dear colleagues. I love being part of a collaborative team comprised of diverse races, nationalities, languages, and disciplines, and my life is very enriched because of it. Grateful is the word for what I feel for the opportunity she has given me."

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, Michigan State University, like many universities, closed its on-campus offerings and hastily moved to remote learning in March 2020. In addition to moving all classes online, students were asked to leave on-campus housing if possible. As COVID-19 cases continued to increase through the summer, plans to reopen in the fall were halted and most institutions announced they would continue offering instruction through remote learning. At the start of the spring 2020 semester, we collected data from MSU students enrolled in introductory economics courses about their grade expectations and views of economics as a major. In order to understand how students responded to the disruption generated by the pandemic, we began collecting additional data about the direct effects of the pandemic on their learning environment, including changes to living arrangements, internet access, studying behavior, and general well-being. Survey data were collected at the beginning and end of the spring, summer, and fall terms of 2020. Supplementing this survey data with administrative data on demographic characteristics and actual grade outcomes, we investigate how the pandemic affects students and how students' final grades in their economics course relate to their responses to the pandemic and virtual learning. We find the effects vary with student background characteristics (including race, gender, GPA, and first-generation college status) and final grades are related to internet connectivity, stress, and anxiety. These unique data allow us to provide a descriptive analysis of students' reactions to an unprecedented disruption to their educational environment.

To access a PDF of the "Learning in the Time of COVID-19" poster, click here.Description of the Poster 
Learning in the Time of COVID-19 
Andrea Chambers, Stacy Dickert-Conlin, Steven J. Haider, and Scott A. Imberman 
Introduction 
This study provides a snapshot of how students were experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic in the month following the abrupt shift to online instruction and how students have adapted to the experience of remote learning more long term. It contributes to the concerns that the mental well-being and academic performance of students has been affected by the coronavirus pandemic. 
Research Questions 


What demographic and academic factors are associated with student responses to questions about internet access, ability to focus, feelings of anxiety, and their financial situation? 


How are students’ final grades in their economics course related to their responses to the pandemic and virtual learning? 


Methodology 

Surveyed students enrolled in introductory economics courses from one large, public research university during three semesters (Spring, Summer, and Fall) of 2020. 
Students completed surveys at the beginning and end of the semester. 
Supplemented these data with administrative data on demographic characteristics and actual grade outcomes. 
Conducted multiple regression analyses of student characteristics on student perceptions and final semester grades. 

Survey 
The Two Surveys: 

Initial Survey – General information and grade students expected to earn in the class 
Final Survey – Students’ reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic and remote learning  

Response Rate: 


Of the 6,665 eligible students, 3,445 students (52%) answered at least one of the COVID-related questions. 


COVID-Related Statements: 


My internet connectivity is sufficient to complete my economics coursework. 


My final grade in my economics course will be unaffected. 


My overall semester GPA will be unaffected. 


My time available for studying has increased. 


My ability to focus on my studies has declined. 


My anxiety about my studies has increased. 


My financial situation has worsened.  


Sample Descriptives 


Female: 47.3%, Male: 52.7% 




White: 71.5%, Black: 4.2%, Hispanic/Latinx: 4.7%, Asian: 6.6%, 2 or more Races: 2.7%, Other or Not Reported: 1.5%, International: 8.7% 


1st Year at MSU: 37.5%, 2nd year at MSU: 38.5%, 3rd Year at MSU: 16.5%, 4th Year or Later at MSU: 7.6% 


First-Generation College Student: 18.5% 


Results 
Image: A stacked bar chart detailing the percent of students who strongly agree and agreed with each COVID-related statement on displayed on top of the percent of students who strongly disagreed, disagreed, or neither agreed nor disagreed with each COVID-related statement. 
Title: Figure 1. Responses to COVID-Related Questions for Spring, Summer, and Fall 2020 
Details of image: 

My internet connectivity is sufficient: 83.3% strongly agree/agree and 16.7% strongly disagreed/disagreed/either agreed nor disagreed. 
My econ course final grade will be unaffected: 36.0% strongly agree/agree and 64.1% strongly disagreed/disagreed/either agreed nor disagreed. 
My overall semester GPA will be unaffected: 31.2% strongly agree/agree and 68.8% strongly disagreed/disagreed/either agreed nor disagreed. 
My time available for studying has increased: 46.9% strongly agree/agree and 53.1% strongly disagreed/disagreed/either agreed nor disagreed. 
My ability to focus on my studies has declined: 69.0% strongly agree/agree and 31.0% strongly disagreed/disagreed/either agreed nor disagreed. 
My anxiety about my studies has increased: 74.0% strongly agree/agree and 26.0% strongly disagreed/disagreed/either agreed nor disagreed. 
My financial situation has worsened: 36.3% strongly agree/agree and 63.7% strongly disagreed/disagreed/either agreed nor disagreed. 

Research Question 1: What demographic and academic factors are associated with student responses to questions about internet access, ability to focus, feelings of anxiety, and their financial situation? 
Empirical Strategy: where  is an indicator for whether the student agrees or strongly agrees with the statement. 
Ability to Focus 


April 2020: 83% of students report their ability to focus on their studies has declined.  


December 2020: 61.5% of students state feeling their ability to focus has declined.  


During the initial reaction to the pandemic and remote instruction, we do not see statistically significant differences across student characteristics such as gender, race/ethnicity, or first-generation college status. However, when we look at the continued response in the summer and fall semesters, female students are more likely to state their ability to focus on their studies has declined relative to their male peers by 9 percentage points. 


Anxiety about Studies 


Over 70% of students in the sample report an increase in anxiety about their studies in April 2020 and through Summer and Fall 2020. 




Female students are more likely to report an increase in anxiety relative to their male peers of around 8 percentage points in the Spring 2020 and 16 percentage points during Summer and Fall 2020.  


Financial Situation  


April 2020: 48.6% state that their financial situation has worsened. 


This condition was felt more by first-generation college students, women, and lower performing students compared to their respective peers.  


December 2020: 30% state their financial situation has worsened and first-generation college students during Summer and Fall 2020 are still more likely to experience a worsened condition. 


Research Question 2: How are students’ final grades in their economics course related to their responses to the pandemic and virtual learning? 
Empirical Strategy: 
where is a vector of COVID-related questions and  are the student background characteristics, year in college, GPA, and expected grade at the start of the semester. 


Internet Connectivity: Students who did not have sufficient internet connection earned lower final grades.  


COVID-Related Stress: In April 2020, students who strongly agree their ability to focus has decreased and students across all semesters who strongly agree their anxiety has increased earned lower final grades.  


Financial: Students who state their financial situation has worsened earned lower final grades in the summer and fall semesters. 


Discussion & Conclusions 


As many students in this study report feeling their ability to focus has declined and anxiety has increased, findings suggest women, first-generation college students, and lower performing students may be particularly vulnerable to these feelings and experiences.  


Survey results suggest financial situations worsened for first-generation college students, which could lead to food or housing insecurity for these students, issues which could lead to increased stress and anxiety, lower grades, and possibly prevent students from persisting in higher education.  


Requiring access to instruction via online learning has showcased the need for quality internet access. 




The coronavirus pandemic has raised a lot of questions about the future of online education, it is important to keep in mind the ways in which students are impacted by such a move.